أحمس نفرتاري
أحمس نفرتاري Ahmes - Nefertary، هي زوجة، وربما أخت شقيقة، أو غير شقيقة، للملك "أحمس" أول فراعنة الأسرة الثامنة عشرة.[1] كانت ابنة سقنن رع وAhhotep I, and royal sister and wife to Ahmose I. Her son Amenhotep I became pharaoh and she may have served as his regent when he was young. Ahmose-Nefertari was deified after her death.
العائلة
كانت والدة نفرتارى إياح حتب زوجة الملك سقنن رع تاعا الثاني من ملوك الأسرة السابعة عشر، وقد وجد بعض النقوش التي توضح أن أعح حتب كانت تشارك ولديها كامس وأحمس في الحكم خلال حرب التحرير للتخلص من الهكسوس.
ويعتقد أن أحمس ونفرتارى ليسا من أب واحد حيث يظهر أحمس وله نفس لون المصريين بينما تظهر نفرتارى بلون أسود.
أنجبت نفرتارى سبعة أبناء ثلاثة أولاد مات منهم اثنين وأربعة بنات مات منهم ثلاثة، والأبناء الذين ظلوا على قيد الحياة هم أمنحتب الأول واعح حتب الثانية، وقد تزوجت أخيها أمنحتب الأول.
وعند وفاة أحمس الأول أصبحت الوصي لابنها امنحوتب الأول، وحتى تمكن من بلوغ السن وان يصعد إلى العرش.ومن المعروف انها كانت لا تزال على قيد الحياة خلال السنة الأولى من عهد تحتمس الأول ؛ وهكذا، يبدو أنها كانت لا تزال على قيد الحياة بعد ابنها أمنحتب الأول.
الحياة
امتد بها الأجل بعد وفاة زوجها حتى أنها عاصرت كل فترة حكم خليفته الملك "أمنحتب الأول"، وتوفيت في بداية حكم الملك "تحتمس الأول". ولقد ارتبطت هذه الملكة ارتباطا وثيقا ببعض منجزات زوجها، حتى بات واضحا أنها شاركته الحكم بصورة أو بأخرى، ولاسيما أنه كان دائم الإنشعال بحروب التحرير يوما خلفته من آثار وعواقب، كما تمتعت أيضا بسلطة شبه ملكية خلال حداثة سن "أمنحتب الأول". وفضلا عن هذا الدور السياسي، كانت "أحمس نفرتاري" أول ملكة تشغل وظيفة "الزوجة الإلهية" وخصص لذلك مجموعة من الأملاك والعقارات بفضل قرار قضائي بارع (أسند إلى الملكة منصب نبية آمون الثانية الذي استرجعه الملك في الحال نظير مبالغ طائلة تم تقديرها بأقل من قيمتها الحقيقية).
After the death of Kamose the throne went to Ahmose I. Pharaoh Ahmose was very young and queen-mother Ahhotep I served as regent during the early years of his reign. Ahhotep would have taken precedence at court over her daughter Ahmose-Nefertari, who was the great royal wife. Ahmose I became the first king of the 18th Dynasty, and a pharaoh ruling over a reunited country.[2]
Queen Ahmose-Nefertari held many titles, including those of hereditary princess (iryt-pꜥt), great of grace (wrt-imꜣt), great of praises (wrt-ḥswt), king's mother (mwt-niswt), great king's wife (ḥmt-niswt-wrt), god's wife (hmt-ntr), united with the white crown (ẖnmt-nfr-ḥḏjt), king's daughter (sꜣt-niswt), and king's sister (snt-niswt).[3] The queen was revered as "Goddess of Resurrection" and was arguably the most venerated woman in Egyptian history.[4] Ancient Nubia ruling families have been said to feature strong matriarchal inclinations, a characteristic described as indisputable in the case of the 17th Dynasty. Along with other queens of the period, it has been suggested that the matriarchal quality of Ahmose-Nefertari's rule and line originated from Nubia.[5][6]
A donation stela from Karnak records how king Ahmose purchased the office of Second Prophet of Amun and endowed the position with land, goods and administrators. The endowment was given to Ahmose-Nefertari and her descendants, though she was the most prominent God's Wife of Amun. Separately the position of Divine adoratrix was also given to Ahmose-Nefertari.[7] Records from a later era indicate that in this position she would have been responsible for all temple properties, administration of estates, workshops, treasuries and all the associated administration staff.[8]
Amenhotep I came to power while he was still young. As his mother, Ahmose-Nefertari may have served as regent for him until he reached maturity.[7][9] Because of her position as regent for her son, some speculate that she started the Valley of the Kings.[10]
Ahmose-Nefertari is shown to be alive during the early years of the reign of Thutmose I. She is depicted in Nubia next to the Viceroy of Kush Ahmose called Turo in the company of the newly crowned king and Queen Ahmose. A vase fragment found in KV20 was inscribed with the double cartouche of king Tuthmose I and Ahmose-Nefertari and the epithet indicates the queen was alive. A large statue of queen Ahmose-Nefertari from Karnak may be one of the last statues created in her honor before she died.[11]
الموت والتأليه
| Ahmose-Nefertari | |
|---|---|
 | |
| مركز العبادة الرئيسي | دير المدينة |
| Day | II Shemu, 14 |
| الأنجال | Amenhotep I |
Ahmose-Nefertari likely died in approximately the fifth or sixth year of Thutmose I. Her death is recorded on the stela of a wab-priest called Nefer. The text mentions that "the divine consort Ahmose-Nefertari, justified with the great god lord of the West, flew to heaven". Helck proposed that the annual cult holiday (II Shemu 14) dedicated to Ahmose-Nefertari at Deir el-Medina may have commemorated the day of her death. The father of Nefer, who was likely overseer of the royal works Ineni, oversaw her burial.[11] She was likely buried in Dra Abu el-Naga and had a mortuary temple there. Considering the placement of her coffin in DB320, Ahmose-Nefertari may have instead been the tomb's original occupant prior to its reuse as a cache.[12] When Ahmose-Nefertari died, she was deified and became "Mistress of the Sky" and "Lady of the West".[7][13]
المومياء
Ahmose-Nefertari's mummy is assumed to have been retrieved from her tomb at the end of the New Kingdom and moved to the royal cache in DB320, had she not originally been buried there. Her presumed body, with no identification marks, was discovered in the 19th century and unwrapped in 1885 by Émile Brugsch. Two mummies were found in a coffin one of which was more carefully wrapped than the other. The former was assumed to be that of Queen Ahmose Nefertari by the museum authorities whilst the other was stored in a damp room which caused the mummy to decompose so much so that it was buried in the garden of the museum. Maspero at later date came to assume that the mummy buried in the garden was that of Ahmose Nefertari.[14] [أ] The original ownership of the tomb has been challenged.[16] Ahmose-Nefertari died in her 70s. Similarly to Tetisheri, her grandmother, her hair had been thinning and plaits of false hair had been woven in with her own to cover this up.[6] Her body had been damaged in antiquity and was missing her right hand.[7]
According to Grafton Elliot Smith's description in 1912, the mummy's skin is blackened in the same manner as the majority of other contemporary mummies. He also associates the strands tied to her own hair with those of Nubian women's hair at the time of his writing. He adds that the shape of the cranium firmly supports her foreign origin.[17] Several authors highlight the significant prominence of Ahmose-Nefertari's front teeth as revealed in X-ray images, and also characterized as severe maxillary or dental-alveolar prognathism.[18][6][19] The same authors bring attention to the presence of the same trait in Ahmose-Nefertari's grandmother Tetisheri, suggesting that it is genetically determined and inherited. Harris and Wente add that dental-alveolar prognathism is a common trait in both ancient and current Nubians at the time of their writing. It is stated that Ahmose-Nefertari shares the same pure genealogy as her mother, Ahhotep I.[20]
In April 2021 Ahmose-Nefertari's mummy was moved to National Museum of Egyptian Civilization along with those of 3 other queens and 18 kings in an event termed the Pharaohs' Golden Parade.[21]
التصوير
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In the Theban region – and especially in the village of Deir el-Medina – Ahmose-Nefertari is mentioned or depicted in at least 50 private tombs and on a large number of objects which are datable from the reign of Thutmose III to the end of the 20th Dynasty.[9][22]
In the tomb of Tetyky (TT15), the queen is depicted wearing a brow ornament with two uraei instead of a double gazelle.[23][24] According to Eaton-Krauss, this is the "earliest occurrence of the double uraeus, which is a standard part of queenly regalia thereafter."[25]
Michel Gitton acknowledges Norman de Garis Davis' estimate that Ahmose-Nefertari is depicted with dark complexion (black) four times more often than light complexions (red and yellow).[24] He indicates that his own survey suggests a much lower figure although he could not provide a general figure as he could not himself verify the colors on site. He also noted there are other cases in which she is shown with a pink, golden, dark blue, or dark red skin color.[24] As observed by Gardiner, in some instances Ahmose-Nefertari's skin is blue,[26] a popular color symbolizing fertility, birth, rebirth and life and usually used to depict water and the heavens.[27]
In 1981 Gitton called the issue of Ahmose-Nefertari's black color "a serious gap in the Egyptological research, which allows approximations or untruths".[24] He pointed out that there is no known depiction of her painted during her lifetime (she is represented with the same light skin as other represented individuals in tomb TT15, before her deification); the earliest black skin depiction appears in tomb TT161, circa 150 years after her death.[24][28] Barbara Lesko wrote in 1996 that Ahmose-Nefertari was "sometimes portrayed by later generations as having been black, although her coffin portrait gives her the typical light yellow skin of women."[29]
Highlighting Ahmose-Nefertari and her son's deification as patrons of Deir el-Medina as well her worship as 'Mistress of the Sky', 'Lady of the West' and goddess of resurrection, Joyce Tyldesley indicates in 2006 that frequently in this setting she was depicted with black skin which symbolizes "fertility and rebirth rather than decay".[7] Sigrid Hodel-Hoenes states in 2000 that her black skin color can be attributed to her role as deified patron of Deir el-Medina, the color black being a reflection of "fertile earth and of the Netherworld and death"[30] In 2011, Graciela Gestoso Singer states that her black or blue skin color is "a reference to her position as the mother of Egypt" and indicative of her role as a goddess of resurrection, since black is the color of death, the underworld, rebirth and fertility, as well as the fertile land of Egypt.[4] In 2003, Betsy Bryan wrote in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt that "the factors linking Amenhotep I and his mother with the necropolis region, with deified rulers, and with rejuvenation generally was visually transmitted by representations of the pair with black or blue skin – both colours of resurrection."[31] In 2004 Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton recognized in a later depiction of the queen, "the black skin of a deity of resurrection" in connection to her role as a patron goddess of the Theban necropolis.[28] In 2009 Eleni Vassilika, noting that in a wooden statuette of the queen (now at the Museo Egizio) the face is painted black but the arms and feet are light in color, argued that the reason for the black coloring in that case was religious and not genetic.[32] In 2014, Margaret Bunson wrote that "the unusual depictions of Ahmose-Nefertari in blue-black tones of deification reflect her status and cult."[33] In a wooden votive statue of Ahmose-Nefertari, currently in the Louvre museum, her skin was painted red,[34] a color commonly seen symbolizing life or a higher being, or elevated status.[27]
Early 20th century archaeologists made observations on Ahmose-Nefertari's likely phenotype and genealogy, and also on the probable symbolic meaning of her most frequent representation in black or purplish black skin tones.[ب] In 1974, Cheikh Anta Diop described her as "typically negroid."[42] In the controversial book Black Athena, Martin Bernal intimated that members of the royal family to which Ahmose-Nefertari belonged may have originated from Nubia, and, according to him, 18th dynasty pharaohs could generally be referred to as black.[ت] Bernal's work has been embraced by Afrocentrists, but rejected by mainstream Egyptologists.[ث]
في عام 1914 اكتشفت مقبرة أحمس نفرتارى في أعلى وادي الملوك عند الحافة الشمالية لدراع أبو النجا.
التقديس والعبادة
وبصفتها "زوجة للإله" وبالتالي عضو مهيمن على مجموعة من الشعائر، فقد أعادت تنظيمها، وأضافت إليها عددا ضخما من الأدوات والأشياء التي ارتبطت باسمها. ولاشك أن المنزلة الرفيعة التي اكتسبتها من جراء ذلك، ومن وراء تشييد المباني الجنائزية تكريسا لها ولإبنها أمنحتب الأول، جعلت منها القديسة الحامية للجبانة الطيبية، وكانت تصور غالبا بصحبة هذا الفرعون في الهياكل أو في المقابر الخاصة، بل وفي المعابد المقدسة طوال كل فترة الدولة الحديثة. ومن أكثر تماثيلها شعبية ذلك التمثال المنحوت من الخشب المطلي بالقار، مما يوضح أن جسد الملكة كان يطلى غالبا باللون الأسود. وكانت تخرج في مركبها في موكب كبير في مناسبات الأعياد الكبرى، كما ان موكب مراسم الاحتفالات كان يجيب أن يتوقف عند معبدها الجنائزي، وبفضلها أنشئ من بعدها مجمع هام تكلف أموالا طائلة استمر دخله مرتبطا دائما بوظيفة "زوجة الإله"، و "عابدة الإله" .
المراجع
ملاحظات
- ^ When Brugsch and Gaston Maspero first unwrapped and examined the supposed mummy of Ahmose-Nefertari, they ascribed her to the "white race". According to Maspero, "the corpse had hardly been exposed to air when it literally began rotting and started oozing blackish pus of an unbearable stench."[15]
- ^ In the early 20th century, Flinders Petrie spoke of "a black queen",[35][36] Ahmose-Nefertari, who was the "divine ancestress of the XVIIIth dynasty". He described her physically as having "an aquiline nose, long and thin, and was of a type not in the least prognathous". He also stated that "a possibility of the black being symbolic has been suggested".[37] In 1925, Norman de Garis Davies observed that the tone of the queen's depicted skin is not always coal-black, but also "a purplish black, reached by painting black over red". He added that, "it might only indicate a very dark complexion, such as now often occurs in Egypt".[38] In 1940, Alan Rowe believed that the queen's black skin tone on some depictions could be traced to African ancestry.[39] Supposing the queen to be Kamose's daughter, Alan Gardiner wrote in 1961 of the paintings of Ahmose-Nefertari that she was "depicted for some unaccountable reason with a black countenance, but also sometimes with a blue one; if she was a daughter of Kamose she will have had no black blood in her veins."[26] The prevailing view is in fact that Ahmose-Nefertari is the daughter of Seqenenre Tao[28] who has been described as presenting "tightly curled, woolly hair", with "a slight build and strongly Nubian features"[40] including untreated dark brown skin,[41] and as more similar to his wife, his descendants and their wives than to later rulers.[6]
- ^ Bernal stated that: "many of the most powerful Egyptian dynasties which were based in Upper Egypt - the 11th, 12th, 18th - were made up of pharaohs whom one can usefully call black." In the same work, he added that, "It is generally, and reasonably, agreed today that if the members of the royal family of the 18th Dynasty were foreign, they were Nubian." According to him, "from their portraits they would seem to have been Blacks."[43]
- ^ Citing Mary Lefkowitz's controversial work,[44] historian Christina Riggs states that "Black Athena was embraced by Afrocentrists and postcolonial studies even as archaeology, Egyptology and classical scholarship rejected much of Bernal's evidence and, implicitly or explicitly, his central thesis." She adds that the "dichotomy mirrors the separate spheres these subjects occupy in professional life, since Afrocentrism and mainstream Egyptology rarely meet"[45] The work and Afrocentrism broadly is discussed in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Edmund S. Meltzer states that "Afrocentrist claims have recently received a detailed and sympathetic discussion by Martin Bernal in his controversial work Black Athena, and in the late 1980s and 1990s Afrocentric issues are being addressed by mainstream Egyptologists".[46] Rene van Wanselm states that "Afrocentrism is one of the most influential but disputable off-shoots on the burgeoning tree of pseudo-Egyptology, and the most recent and manipulative in this respect in Martin Bernal's Black-Athena thesis, which claims that Greece was twice "colonized" from Egypt and that, consequently, the Greek civilization originates from "black" Egyptians".[47] Lefkowitz and Rogers wrote that, as a consequence of his lack of scholarly method, "Bernal's work has been almost universally rejected by Egyptologists, archaeologists, linguists, historians, and other scholars best acquainted with the material evidence. Most regard it as beyond the boundaries of legitimate scientific inquiry."[48] Their work has been characterized as favoring speculation over eye witness accounts[49] and Lefkowitz's scholarship in particular as ethnocentric, pedestrian and as representing a singular view.[50][51] Lefkowitz work is discussed in the OEAE by Ann Macy Roth where she described the work as "an uneven but cumulatively devastating collection of critiques of Bernal's arguments".[52]
الهامش
- ^ پاسكال ڤيرنوس (1999). موسوعة الفراعنة. دار الفكر.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةForbes - ^ Grajetzki, Ancient Egyptian Queens: A Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Golden House Publications, London, 2005, ISBN 978-0-9547218-9-3
- ^ أ ب Graciela Gestoso Singer, "Ahmose-Nefertari, The Woman in Black". Terrae Antiqvae, January 17, 2011
- ^ Redford, Donald B. History and chronology of the eighteenth dynasty of Egypt : seven studies. ISBN 978-1-4875-7491-8. OCLC 1102218633.
- ^ أ ب ت ث Edward., Harris, James (1973). X-raying the pharaohs. Scribner. OCLC 602245173.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ أ ب ت ث ج Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. ISBN 0-500-05145-3
- ^ "The Great Goddesses of Egypt", Barbara S. Lesko, p. 246, University of Oklahoma Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8061-3202-7
- ^ أ ب Shaw, Ian. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. 2000. ISBN 0-19-280458-8
- ^ Fletcher, Joann (2014). The search for nefertiti : the true story of an amazing discovery. Morrow. ISBN 978-0-06-210636-0. OCLC 877888764.
- ^ أ ب Louise Bradbury, Nefer's Inscription: On the Death Date of Queen Ahmose-Nefertary and the Deed Found Pleasing to the King, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Vol. 22 (1985), pp. 73-95
- ^ Aston, David (2013-01-01). "TT 320 and the kay of Inhapi". GM 236.
- ^ Tyldesley, Joyce (1996). "Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh", p.62, Viking, ISBN 0-670-85976-1.
- ^ A History of the Pharaohs, V2, p. 253, Arthur Weigall
- ^ Maspero, Gaston (1889). Les momies royales de Deir el-Bahari (in الفرنسية). Paris. p. 536.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ The so-called Royal Cachette TT 320 was not the grave of Ahmose Nefertari [1] Archived 2019-06-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Smith, Grafton Elliot (2000). Catalogue general des antiquites egyptiennes du Musee du Caire : nos. 61051-61100. Duckworth. pp. 13–14. ISBN 0-7156-2959-X. OCLC 611883032.
- ^ Bunson, Margaret (1999). Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Gramercy. p. 17. ISBN 978-0517203804.
- ^ E., Harris, James (1980). Ed. by James E. Harris and Edward F. Wente. An x-ray atlas of the royal mummies. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-31745-5. OCLC 642059788.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Shaw, Ian (2002). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford Paperbacks. p. 229. ISBN 978-0192802934.
- ^ Parisse, Emmanuel (5 April 2021). "22 Ancient Pharaohs Have Been Carried Across Cairo in an Epic 'Golden Parade'". ScienceAlert. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ Grimal, Nicolas (1992). A History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Blackwell Books. ISBN 978-0-631-17472-1.
- ^ Dils, Peter (1989). "Review of Patterns of Queenship in ancient Egyptian Myth and History". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 26: 242–244. doi:10.2307/40000714. ISSN 0065-9991. JSTOR 40000714.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج Gitton, Michel (1981). L'épouse du dieu, Ahmes Néfertary : documents sur sa vie et son culte posthume (2 ed.). Besançon: Université de Franche-Comté. ISBN 978-2-251-60172-4.
- ^ Eaton-Krauss, M. (1998). "Four Notes on the Early Eighteenth Dynasty". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 84: 205–210. doi:10.2307/3822217. ISSN 0307-5133. JSTOR 3822217.
- ^ أ ب Gardiner, Alan H. (1961). Egypt of the Pharaohs: an introduction. Oxford: Oxford University press., p.175
- ^ أ ب Wilkinson, Richard H. Symbol & magic in Egyptian art. New York, N.Y. ISBN 0-500-23663-1. OCLC 30536926.
- ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةdh - ^ The Remarkable Women of Ancient Egypt, by Barbara S. Lesko; page 14; B.C. Scribe Publications, 1996; ISBN 978-0-930548-13-1
- ^ Hodel-Hoenes, S & Warburton, D (trans), Life and Death in Ancient Egypt: Scenes from Private Tombs in New Kingdom Thebes, Cornell University Press, 2000, p. 268.
- ^ Betsy Bryan; pg 213; The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt; edited by Ian Shaw; OUP Oxford, 2003; ISBN 978-0-19-280458-7
- ^ Vassilika, Eleni (2009). I capolavori del Museo Egizio di Torino (in الإيطالية). Florence: Fondazione Museo delle antichità egizie di Torino. ISBN 978-88-8117-950-3.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt; by Margaret Bunson; Pg 17, Infobase Publishing, 2014; ISBN 978-1-4381-0997-8
- ^ "The deified former queen Ahmose Nefertari, protectress of royal tomb workers". www.louvre.fr.
- ^ Digital Collections, The New York Public Library. "(still image) Neues Reich. Theben [Thebes]: Der el Medînet [Dayr al-Madînah Site]: Stuckbild aus Grab 10. [jetzt im K. Museum zu Berlin.], (1849 - 1856)". The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ^ Petrie, Flinders (1896). A history of Egypt Vol. II The XVIIth and XVIIIth dynasties.
- ^ The Making of Egypt; by William Matthew Flinders Petrie; Sheldon Press; 1939; pg 155
- ^ Davies, Norman de Garis (1925). The tomb of two sculptors at Thebes.
- ^ Rowe, Alan (1940). "Newly-Identified Monuments in the Egyptian Museum Showing the Deification of the Dead together with Brief Details of Similar Objects elsewhere". Annales du service des antiquités de l'Égypte. 40: 39.
- ^ Yurco, Frank J. (1989). "Were the ancient Egyptians black or white?". Biblical Archaeology Review. 15: 24–29.
- ^ Smith, Grafton Elliot (2000). Catalogue general des antiquites egyptiennes du Musee du Caire : nos. 61051-61100. Duckworth. p. 1. ISBN 0-7156-2959-X. OCLC 611883032.
- ^ Mokhtar, G. (1990). General History of Africa II: Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 1–118. ISBN 978-0-520-06697-7.
- ^ Martin Bernal (1987), Black Athena: Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization. The Fabrication of Ancient Greece, 1785-1985, vol. I. New Jersey, Rutgers University Press
- ^ Conyers, James L. (1996). "Book Reviews : Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach Myth as History, by Mary Lefkowitz. New York: A New Republic of Books, 1996". Journal of Black Studies. 27: 130–131. doi:10.1177/002193479602700110. S2CID 144731242.
- ^ Riggs, Christina (5 June 2014). Unwrapping ancient Egypt. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-85785-507-7. OCLC 900413753.
- ^ Meltzer, Edmund (2001). "Egyptology". Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford Press. pp. 448–458. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
- ^ van Wanselm, Rene (2001). "Interpretation of Evidence". Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford Press. pp. 175–178. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
- ^ Black Athena Revisited, edited by Mary R. Lefkowitz & Guy MacLean Rogers; pg 292; UNC Press Books, 2014; ISBN 978-1-4696-2032-9
- ^ Keita, Maghan (2000). "The Politics of Criticism: Not Out of Africa and Black Athena Revisited". Journal of World History. 11 (2): 340. doi:10.1353/jwh.2000.0043. ISSN 1527-8050. S2CID 154649525.
- ^ Gerhart, Gail M.; Howe, Stephen (1999). "Afrocentrism: Mythical Pasts and Imagined Homes". Foreign Affairs. 78 (4): 149. doi:10.2307/20049430. ISSN 0015-7120. JSTOR 20049430.
- ^ Conyers, James L. (1996). "Book Reviews : Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach Myth as History, by Mary Lefkowitz. New York: A New Republic of Books, 1996". Journal of Black Studies. 27: 130–131. doi:10.1177/002193479602700110. S2CID 144731242.
- ^ Roth, Ann Macy (2001). "Afrocentrism". Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford Press. pp. 29–32. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
وصلات خارجية
- Ahmose Nefertari Image of her coffin and short bio.
- Mummy of Ahmose-Nefertari by Max Miller.
- "Family Tree of Ahmose Nefertari"
- "Queen Ahmose Nefertari"
- "Women in ancient Egypt"
- "The Glory and Power"
- "Women in Power BCE 4500-1000"
- "Royal Women"
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- Pages using WikiHiero
- CS1 errors: unsupported parameter
- CS1 maint: location missing publisher
- CS1 الفرنسية-language sources (fr)
- CS1 الإيطالية-language sources (it)
- Short description is different from Wikidata
- Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page
- Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia
- حكام إناث في القرن 16 ق.م.
- حكام إناث
- رجال دين في القرن 16 ق.م.
- ملكات عقيلات في مصر القديمة
- الأسرة المصرية الثامنة عشر
- 16th-century BC Egyptian people
- 16th-century BC Egyptian women
- Ancient women regents
- Queens consort of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
- Wives of Ahmose I
- Deified female monarchs
- Deified ancient Egyptian people
- Ancient Egyptian race controversy
- Regents of Egypt
- People from Thebes, Egypt
- 16th-century BC regents
- Female regents in Africa
- Egyptian queen mothers
- Children of pharaohs