حور أو-إب-رع
| حور أو-إب-رع Hor Awibre | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| حور، أو-إب-رع | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| فرعون | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| الحكم | 2 سنة؟ 1777–1775 ق.م. (ريهولت) بضعة أشهر (بيكر) 7 أشهر، ح. 1760 ق.م. (ڤرنر) 1732 ق.م. (شنايدر) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| سبقه | رع-نسن-إب | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| تبعه | Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
3w-jb-Rˁ صديق رع
قائمة تورين للملوك أو-إب-رع 3wt-jb-Rˁ
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| القرينة | نوب-حتپ-تي الأولى[1][2] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| الأنجال | نوب-حتپ-تي-خرد، وربما Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw وDjedkheperew | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| توفي | (40s yrs) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| المدفن | دهشور، أُعيد استخدام بئر المقبرة في مجمع الأهرامات الخاص بأمنمحات الثالث. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
حور أو-إب-رع (Hor Awibre)، ويُعرف أيضاً باسم حور الأول (Hor I)، هو فرعون مصري حكم في أوائل عهد الأسرة الثالثة عشر، في أواخر الدولة الوسطى.
عهده
- كان عهده قصيراً، ولم يُحفظ منه إلا جزء في قائمة تورين للملوك.
- ربما حكم بشكل مشترك مع Sekhemre Khutawy Khabaw حيث يظهر
- ربما كان لديه حكم مشترك مع سخيمري خوتاوي خاباو حيث يظهر كلا الاسمين على الساكف.
- ربما أصبح ملكاً في سن متقدمة، إذ يُعتقد أن هيكله العظمي يُظهر رجلاً في الأربعينيات من عمره.
فترة حكمه
فترة حكم حور أو-إب-رع غير معروفة بسبب ثغرة في مخطوطة تورين. ووفقاً لأحدث قراءة لمخطوطة تورين من قِبل ريهولت، تشير الآثار المتبقية إلى أن عدد الأيام كان "[... و] سبعة أيام.[2] في القراءة المرجعية السابقة للنص المقدس التي وضعها آلان گاردينر، والتي تعود إلى الخمسينيات، قُرئ هذا النص على النحو التالي:
"[...] سبعة أشهر".[3] دفع هذا الأمر باحثين مثل ميروسلاڤ ڤرنر ودارل بيكر إلى الاعتقاد بأن عهد حور أو-إب-رع كان قصيراً، بينما يرى ريهولت أن عهداً أطول ممكن، بل إن ريهولت ينسب إلى حور أو-إب-رع عامين من الحكم.[1][2] على أي حال، من المرجح أن حور أو-إب-رع حكم لفترة قصيرة فقط، وبالتحديد لم تكن طويلة بما يكفي لبناء هرم، والذي كان لا يزال مكان الدفن الشائع لملوك الأسرة الثالثة عشرة المبكرين.
خلافته
Hor Awibre was seemingly succeeded by his two sons(?) Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw and Djedkheperew.[speculation?] However, the Turin King List has Sedjefakare as the next ruler.
استشهادات
Hor Awibre remained unattested until the discovery in 1894 of his nearly intact tomb in Dashur by Jacques de Morgan, see below.[1]
العمارة
تانيس/منف، الساكف
At Tanis (Nile Delta region), in a secondary context, a granite architrave with the cartouches of Hor Awibre and Sekhemre Khutawy Khabaw was found. The architrave probably originated in Memphis and came to the Delta region during the Hyksos period.[1] Based on this evidence, the egyptologist Kim Ryholt proposed that Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw was a son and coregent of Hor Awibre.[2] Present location of this architrave is unknown.
اللوحة، برلين 7670
Of Unknown Provenance, a plaque has been found.[4]
Lisht, plaque
At Lisht, a plaque with his name was found at Amenemhat I's pyramid. There were found several faience plaques with 13th Dynasty king's names.[5]
Jar Lid, LACMA M.80.203.226
Of Unknown Provenance, a jar lid with partial name of the 13th Dynasty King Hor I.[6][7]
Scarabs
The British Museum has several scarabs which may be attributed to Hor Awibre.
- EA 37652 (Hall 1913 no. 137)
- EA 28813 (Hall 1913 no. 138)
- EA 39430 (Hall 1913 no. 139)
- EA 39690 (Hall 1913 no. 140)
Non-contemporary attestation
The Turin King List entry 7:17 lists "The Dual King Awtibra ... 7 days".[8][9] In this list, Hor Awibre is preceded by Renseneb (7:16) and succeeded by Sedjefakare (7:18).
Burial
Shaft Tomb
At Dahshur, the Shaft-tomb of Hor Awibre is located inside the Pyramid Complex of Amenemhat III, reusing and expanding a shaft-tomb originally made for a member of the royal court of Amenemhat III. Ten such shaft-tombs were located north of the pyramid, where Hor Awibre occupies the first and Nubhotepti-Khered the second. His tomb was found nearly intact in 1894 by Jacques de Morgan working in collaboration with Georges Legrain and Gustave Jequier.[10] It was nothing more than a shaft built on the north-east corner of the pyramid of the 12th Dynasty pharaoh Amenemhat III.[11] The tomb was originally made for a member of Amenemhat's court and was later enlarged for Hor Awibre, with the addition of a stone burial chamber and antechamber.[1]
Next to the burial of Hor Awibre was found the totally undisturbed tomb of the 'king's daughter' Nubhetepti-khered. She was likely a daughter of Hor Awibre[12] or otherwise a daughter of Amenemhat III.[11]
Mummy
The mummy of the king had been ransacked for his jewelry and only Hor Awibre's skeleton was left in his coffin.[10] The king was determined to have been in his forties at the time of his death. He was found with his arms across his chest.[13]
Burial Equipment
Burial goods include a canopic chest,[14] canopic jars,[15] gold-leaf,[16] and a ka-statuette.[17][18] His burial goods show a special type of hieroglyphs known as "incomplete hieroglyphs", which developed in the reign of Amenemhat III onwards (i.e. burial equipment of Nefruptah), where parts of animal hieroglyphs have been ritually 'mutilated' removing their legs etc.[19]
Although the tomb had been pillaged in antiquity, it still contained a naos with a rare life-size wooden statue of the Ka of the king. This statue is one of the most frequently reproduced examples of Ancient Egyptian art and is now in the Egyptian Museum under the catalog number CG259.[11] It is one of the best-preserved and most accomplished wooden statues to survive from antiquity, and illustrates an artistic genre that must once have been common in Egyptian art, but has rarely survived in such good condition.
The tomb also contained the partly gilded rotten rectangular wooden coffin of the king.[20] The king's wooden funerary mask, its eyes of stones set in bronze,[21][10] had been stripped of its gold gilding but still held the king's skull. Hor Awibre's canopic box was also found complete with its canopic vessels.
Other artifacts from the tomb include an offering table,[22] small statues, alabaster and wooden vases, some jewelry, two alabaster stelae inscribed with blue painted hieroglyphs and a number of flails, scepters and wooden staves which had all been disposed in a long wooden case. These had been intentionally broken in pieces.[10] The tomb also housed weapons such as a granite macehead[10] and a golden-leaf dagger and numerous pottery.
Theories
According to Ryholt and Darrell Baker, Hor Awibre was the fifteenth ruler of the 13th Dynasty.[1][2] Alternatively, Detlef Franke and Jürgen von Beckerath see him as the fourteenth king of the dynasty.[23][24][25][26] No evidence has been found that relate Hor Awibre to his predecessor on the throne, Renseneb, which led Ryholt and Baker to propose that he was an usurper.
Some Egyptologists speculate his reign was from c. 1777 BC until 1775 BC[2] or for a few months, c. 1760 BC or c. 1732 BC.[27]
Bibliography
- Sydney H Aufrère (2001) BIFAO 101, pp. 1–41 [1]
- Hall 1913 / Catalogue of Egyptian scarabs, etc. in the British Museum no. 137, 138, 139, 140 [2]https://archive.org/stream/catalogueofegypt00hall/catalogueofegypt00hall_djvu.txt
References
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I – Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International, ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9, 2008, p. 112-113-114
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح K.S.B. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, excerpts available online.
- ^ Alan Gardiner, editor. Royal Canon of Turin. Griffith Institute, 1959. (Reprint 1988. ISBN 0-900416-48-3)
- ^ Berlin 7670
- ^ Dieter Arnold: The Pyramid Complex of Amenemhat I at Lisht, The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York 2015, ISBN 9781588396044, p. 59, pl. 93
- ^ Los Angeles Country Museum of Art, LACMA M.80.203.226
- ^ "Jar Lid with Partial Name of the 13th Dynasty King Hor I | LACMA Collections". collections.lacma.org. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
- ^ Lundström, Peter. "Turin king list: Column 7". Pharaoh.se (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-12-29.
- ^ Alan H. Gardiner: The Royal Canon of Turin, Oxford 1959, Vol. III, 6.14, Warminster 1987, ISBN 0-900416-48-3.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج Jacques de Morgan: Fouilles a Dahchour, mars-juin, 1894, Vienna, 1895. Available online.
- ^ أ ب ت Verner, Miroslav. The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. Grove Press. 2001 (1997). ISBN 0-8021-3935-3
- ^ Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3
- ^ Edward F. Wente (1995) Who was who among the royal mummies. In The Orientalt Institute no. 144
- ^ Cairo, Egyptian Museum JE 51266
- ^ Cairo, Egyptian Museum CG 4019–4022
- ^ Copenhagen, National Museum 4220
- ^ Cairo, Egyptian Museum JE-/CG 1163
- ^ Ryholt 1997:339–340 File 13/15
- ^ Miniachi (2010) The Incomplete Hieroglyphs System at the end of the Middle Kingdom
- ^ Cairo CG 28106
- ^ Cairo CG 28107
- ^ Cairo JE 30953
- ^ Thomas Schneider: Ancient Egyptian Chronology – Edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, And David a. Warburton, available online, see p. 176
- ^ Detlef Franke: Zur Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches (12.-18. Dynastie) Teil 1 : Die 12. Dynastie, in Orientalia 57 (1988)
- ^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Ägypten, Glückstadt, 1964
- ^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägyptens, Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 46. Mainz am Rhein, 1997
- ^ Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen
| سبقه Renseneb |
Pharaoh of Egypt Thirteenth Dynasty |
تبعه Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw |
| سبقه: أمني إنتف الرابع (أمنمحات الثاني) |
فرعون الأسرة الثالثة عشر (1770 ق.م.) |
لحقه: سوبك حوتـپ الثاني |