المذابح خلال الحرب الإيطالية العثمانية

مذابح المشية 30 أكتوبر عام 1911 كانت انتقام من قوات الإحتلال الإيطالي من المجاهدين الليبين ثأرا لما حصل لهم في معركة بومليانة.

قام المجاهدون بهذا الهجوم على طول خط القتال من قرقارش غرباً إلى ساحل المدينة الشرقي ، وهو خط يكون شبه هلال من ناحيتي الغرب والجنوب . وكان قلب الجيش موجهاً إلى المنشية وهي مركز الهجوم ، أما الجناحان من ناحية قرقارش ومن ناحية ساحل المدينة الشرقي فكان مقصوداً بهما المناورة لتضليل القيادة الإيطالية وصرف نظرها عن مراكز الهجوم . وقد بدأ الهجوم عند انبثاق الفجر ، وانطلت الحيلة على القائد الإيطالي وظن أن الهجوم عام فوزع قوته على طول الخط . ولما اشتدت المعركة انضم الجناحان إلى القلب تنفيذا للخطة المرسومة ، فظن الطليان أن هذا الانسحاب هو تقهقر من المجاهدين. أنتصر المجاهدون بمساعدة أهالي المنشية في هذه المعركة نصرا كبيرا حتى أن جثث الأيطاليين قد ملأت أخاديد المنطقة.

ولم يلبث قائد الجيش الإيطالي حتى جاءه الخبر بأن جيوشه هزمت ، فحاول أن يتدارك الأمر ولكنه أفلت منه . وقد استشهد كثير من المجاهدين ، نظراً لضيق المنطقة ، واضطروهم لمطاردة الطليان في بعض الشوارع . ويرجع الفضل في هذا النصر المؤزر الذي أحرزه المجاهدون في المنشية إلى ثورة أهل المنشية وصدق بلائهم في الطليان ، ذلك البلاء الذي كتبوه على صفحات التاريخ بدمائهم الطاهرة ، فإنه ما كاد أهل المنشية يسمعون بهجوم إخوانهم المجاهدين حتى ثاروا على الطليان وأثخنوهم قتلا ، وكانت ثورتهم مما عجل بهزيمة الطليان . والتجأ قائد الحملة الإيطالية " بريتش" ومعه الجنود إلى أحد بيوت العرب فتحصنوا فيه ، لكن العرب تسوروه عليهم وقتلوهم ، ولم ينج منهم إلا اثنان التحقوا بمن بقي من فلول جيشهم.

 خلفية

Italy invaded Ottoman Tripolitania (Ottoman Libya) in 1911 with the purpose of annexing the territory as an Italian colony; the Ottomans resisted the Italian invasion and the result was the Italo-Turkish War. Some Arabs collaborated with the Italians, mainly in the city of Tripoli, but those in the interior of Libya largely supported the Turks due to their shared religion. During the war Italian troops used indiscriminate violence many times to subdue the native civilians.

 مذبحة شارع الشط

انظر أيضاً: معركة ومذبحة شارع الشط

On 23 October 1911, Italian troops were attacked by a 10,000-strong Ottoman force while marching through the Mechiya oasis, at a place called Sciara Sciat. Some accounts stated that Turkish forces captured two companies of the Italian infantry in a nearby cemetery and massacred 503 men.

I saw (in Sciara Sciat) in one mosque seventeen Italians, crucified with their bodies reduced to the status of bloody rags and bones, but whose faces still retained traces of their hellish agony. Long rods had been passed through the necks of these wretched men and their arms rested on these rods. They were then nailed to the wall and died slowly with untold suffering. It is impossible for us to paint the picture of this hideous rotted meat hanging pitifully on the bloody wall. In a corner another body was crucified, but as an officer he was chosen to experience refined sufferings. His eyes were stitched closed. All the bodies were mutilated and castrated; so indescribable was the scene and the bodies appeared swollen as shapeless carrion. But that's not all! In the cemetery of Chui, which served as a refuge from the Turks and to whence soldiers retreated from afar, we could see another show. In front of one door near the Italian trenches five soldiers had been buried up to their shoulders, their heads emerged from the black sand stained with their blood: heads horrible to see and there you could read all the tortures of hunger and thirst.

Gaston Leroux, correspondent of "Matin-Journal"

Italian corpses were allegedly nailed to trees with their eyes and genitals mutilated, some claim in possible retaliation for sexual offenses against local women perpetrated by the Italian troops.

 مذبحة واحة المشية

On the next day, the Italian military responded by attacking the population of the neighboring Mechiya oasis, massacring about 4,000 people including women and children over the course of three days. Though the Italians allegedly took measures to prevent news of this action from reaching the outside world, foreign press correspondents covered the event in detail. This negative coverage factored into the British Parliament's decision later that month to take a more pro-Turkish course, rejecting a proposed Anglo-Italian Mediterranean agreement.

 روايات معاصرة للأحداث

Following the events, contemporary accounts supporting and opposing the Italian actions took opposing views of the incident:

For three days the oasis was given over to massacre in wholesale and detail. Some 4,000 men, women and children perished in the course of it – the vast bulk of whom were certainly innocent of any participation whatever in the Italian defeat. They were murdered in the streets, in their houses, farms, gardens, and according to a peculiarly horrible narrative by a British officer serving with the Turkish forces, in a mosque, where several hundred women and children had taken refuge. ... All the newspaper correspondents were in agreement as to the main facts.

Opposing arguments decried the foreign press reporting as overblown:

The wildest accusations launched against the Italian troops by half a dozen hysterial – and to put it mildly – inaccurate journalists, most of whom spoke not a word of Italian or Arabic, found ready credence, and the cry of "Italian atrocities" was raised with great effect. ... It must of course be remembered that many of the people who in England were shrieking against Italy, people who had no notion of the meaning of evidence, were the same who, during the Boer war, had shrieked against England, and talked about British "methods of barbarism"...

 إحياء الذكرى

A monument to the Italian infantrymen killed at Sciara Sciat, sculpted by Publio Morbiducci, was erected at the Piazzale di Porta Pia in 1932.

 المراجع

• Childs, Timothy Winston (1990). Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War Over Libya: 1911–1912. Brill. ISBN 90-04-09025-8.
• Duggan, Christopher (2008). The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-618-35367-5.
• The Fortnightly. Chapman and Hall. 1913.
• Gooch, John (19 June 2014). The Italian Army and the First World War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19307-8.
• Leroux, Gaston (23 August 1917). "No title cited". Matin Journal.
• Morel, Edmund Dene (1920). The Black Man's Burden. National Labour Press, Limited. ISBN 978-1-58367-168-9.
• Sgarbi, Vittorio (2011-11-30). Le meraviglie di Roma: Dal Rinascimento ai giorni nostri [The Wonders of Rome: From the Renaissance to the Present Day] (in Italian). Bompiani. ISBN 978-88-587-0607-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Simons, Geoff (2003). Libya and the West: From Independence to Lockerbie. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-988-2.
• Ungari, Andrea; Micheletta, Luca (24 July 2014). The Libyan War 1911-1912. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-6492-3.