نهر مندريس الكبير

Coordinates: 37°32′24″N 27°10′08″E / 37.54000°N 27.16889°E / 37.54000; 27.16889
(تم التحويل من Büyük Menderes River)
For the Greek god who was patron deity of this river, see Meander (mythology)
نهر مندريس الكبير
Maeander, Meander, Μαίανδρος
الاسم المحليBüyük Menderes Irmağı (تركية)
الموقع
البلدتركيا
المدنNazilli, Aydın, Söke
السمات الطبيعية
Source 
 • locationDinar, Afyonkarahisar Province
 • coordinates38°04′15″N 30°10′37″E / 38.07083°N 30.17694°E / 38.07083; 30.17694
 • elevation880 m (2،890 ft)
المصبAegean Sea
 - الموقع
Aydin Province
 • الإحداثيات
37°32′24″N 27°10′08″E / 37.54000°N 27.16889°E / 37.54000; 27.16889
 • المنسوب
0 m (0 ft)
الطول548 km (341 mi)
مساحة الحوض25،000 km2 (9،700 sq mi)
سمات الحوض
الروافد 
 - اليسرىÇürüksu River, Akçay River, Çine River

نهر مندريس الكبير (Büyük Menderes River أو "المياندر الكبير"، وتاريخياً المياندر، من اليونانية القديمة: Μαίανδρος, Maíandros; تركية: Büyük Menderes Irmağı), is a river in southwestern Turkey. It rises in west central Turkey near Dinar before flowing west through the Büyük Menderes graben until reaching the Aegean Sea in the proximity of the ancient Ionian city Miletus. The river was well known for its sinuous, curving pattern, and gives its name to the common term, (meander), used to describe these characteristic bends in rivers.

الجغرافيا الحديثة

The river rises in a spring near Dinar and flows to Lake Işıklı. After passing the Adıgüzel Dam and the Cindere Dam, the river flows past Nazilli, Aydın and Söke before it drains into the Aegean Sea.

الجغرافيا القديمة

The Maeander was a celebrated river of Caria in Asia Minor. It appears earliest in the Catalog of Trojans of Homer's Iliad along with Miletus and Mycale.

المصادر

The river has its sources not far from Celaenae in Phrygia (now Dinar),[1] where it gushed forth in a park of Cyrus.[2] According to some[3] its sources were the same as those of the river Marsyas; but this is irreconcilable with Xenophon, according to whom the sources of the two rivers were only near each other, the Marsyas rising in a royal palace.[4] Others[5] state that the Maeander flowed out of a lake on Mount Aulocrene. William Martin Leake[6] reconciles all these apparently different statements by the remark that both the Maeander and the Marsyas have their origin in the lake on Mount Aulocrene, above Celaenae, but that the issue at different parts of the mountain below the lake.

المسار

ملف:Miletus Bay silting evolution map-en.svg
خريطة مصب النهر وتطورإطماء خليج ميلتوس في القِدم.

The Maeander was so celebrated in antiquity for its numerous windings, that its classical name "Maeander" became, and still is, proverbial.[7] Its whole course has a southwesterly direction on the south of the range of Mount Messogis. South of Tripolis it receives the waters of the Lycus, whereby it becomes a river of some importance. Near Carura it passes from Phrygia into Caria, where it flows in its tortuous course through the Maeandrian plain,[8] and finally discharges itself in the Gulf of Icaros (an arm of the Aegean Sea), between the ancient Greek cities Priene and Myus, opposite to the Ionian city of Miletus, from which its mouth is only 10 stadia distant.[9]

الروافد

The tributaries of the Maeander include the Orgyas, Marsyas, Cludrus, Lethaeus, and Gaeson, in the north; and the Obrimas, Lycus, Harpasus, and a second Marsyas in the south.

الوصف الطبيعي

The Maeander is a deep river,[10] but not very broad. In many parts its depth equals its breadth and, so, it is navigable only by small craft.[11] It frequently overflows its banks and, as a result of the quantity of mud it deposits at its mouth, the coast has been pushed about 20 or 30 stadia (about 4 to 6 kilometers in modern units) further into the sea and several small islands off the coast have become united with the mainland.[12]

الأساطير

The associated river god was also called Meander, one of the sons of Oceanus and Tethys.[13]

There was a legend about a subterranean connection between the Maeander and the Alpheus River in Elis.[14]

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ Herodotus, Histories, Book 7 section 26.
  2. ^ Xenophon, Anabasis, Book 1 Chapter 2.
  3. ^ Strabo xii. p. 578; Maximus of Tyre viii. 38.
  4. ^ Xenophon, Anabasis 1.2.8.
  5. ^ Pliny (v. 31), Solinus (40. § 7), and Martianus Capella (6. p. 221).
  6. ^ Asia Minor, p. 158, &c.
  7. ^ Hesiod, Theogony, line 339; Strabo, Geography, Book 12, Chapter 8, Section 15; Pausanias viii. 41. § 3; Ovid Met. viii. 162, &c.; Livy xxxviii. 13; Seneca Herc. Fur. 683, &c., Phoen. 605.
  8. ^ comp. Strabo xiv. p. 648, xv. p. 691
  9. ^ Pliny l. c.; Pausanias ii. 5. § 2.
  10. ^ Niketas Choniates, p. 125; Livy l. c.
  11. ^ Strabo xii. p. 579, xiv. p. 636.
  12. ^ Pausanias viii. 24. § 5; Thucydides viii. 17.)
  13. ^ Hesiod, Theogony, 334 [1]
  14. ^ Pausanias il. 5. § 2.

المراجع

  • Herodotus: History of Herodotus on Wikisource
  • Hesiod: Theogony on Wikisource.
  • Strabo. H.C. Hamilton; W. Falconer (eds.). "Geography". Tufts University: The Perseus Digital Library.
  • Xenophon: Anabasis on Wikisource.
  • Xenophon, Anabasis, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts; William Heinemann, Ltd., London. 1980. OCLC 10290977. ISBN 0-674-99100-1.
  • Thonemann, P., The Maeander Valley: A historical geography from Antiquity to Byzantium (Cambridge, 2011) (Greek Culture in the Roman World Series)

الإعزاء

وصلات خارجية

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