عصف ذهني

للاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر Brainstorm (disambiguation)

A group of people write ideas on sticky notes as part of a brainstorming session.

العصف الذهني Brainstorming هو طريقة عملية لجلب عدة حلول لمشكلة معينة ، بحيث يقوم الشخص او مجموعة من الأشخاص بالجلوس و تحديد المشكلة ثم التفكير بحلول لهذه المشكلة بحيث يتم كتابة جميع الأفكار التي تتعلق بالمشكلة في ورقة ثم محاولة اختيار المناسب منها لحل المشكلة. تعرف العالم على (العصف الذهني) في عام 1953 عندما ألّف (ألكس أوزبورن) كتابه الذي اسماه (التخيل التطبيقي) Applied Imagination .. عادة ماتستخدم عملية العصف الذهني في الحالات التالية:

• حل المشاكل
• بناء فرق العمل
• الإعلانات التجارية
• التخطيط العملي
• إدارة المشاريع

 طريقة أوزبورن

Flowchart for conducting a brainstorming session

 المبدآن

Osborn said that two principles contribute to "ideative efficacy":

1. Defer judgment;
2. Reach for quantity.

 القواعد الأربعة

Following these two principles were his four general rules of brainstorming, established with intention to:^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

• reduce social inhibitions among group members;
• stimulate idea generation;
• increase overall creativity of the group.

These four rules were:

1. Go for quantity: This rule is a way of enhancing divergent production, aiming at facilitation of problem solution through the maxim quantity breeds quality. The assumption is that the greater the number of ideas generated the bigger the chance of producing a radical and effective solution.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}
2. Withhold criticism: In brainstorming, criticism of ideas generated should be put 'on hold'. Instead, participants should focus on extending or adding to ideas, reserving criticism for a later 'critical stage' of the process. By suspending judgment, participants will feel free to generate unusual ideas.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}
3. Welcome wild ideas: To get a good long list of suggestions, wild ideas are encouraged. They can be generated by looking from new perspectives and suspending assumptions. These new ways of thinking might give better solutions.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}
4. Combine and improve ideas: As suggested by the slogan "1+1=3". It is believed to stimulate the building of ideas by a process of association.

 Applications

Osborn said brainstorming should address a specific question; he held that sessions addressing multiple questions were inefficient.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

Further, the problem must require the generation of ideas rather than judgment; he uses examples such as generating possible names for a product as proper brainstorming material, whereas analytical judgments such as whether or not to marry do not have any need for brainstorming.

 المجموعات

Osborn envisioned groups of around 12 participants, including both experts and novices. Participants are encouraged to provide wild and unexpected answers. Ideas receive no criticism or discussion. The group simply provide ideas that might lead to a solution and apply no analytical judgment as to the feasibility. The judgments are reserved for a later date.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

 See also

• Amygdala hijack
• 6-3-5 Brainwriting
• Affinity diagram
• Chief idea officer
• Group concept mapping
• Eureka effect
• Lateral thinking
• Mass collaboration
• Nominal group technique
• Thinking outside the box
• What? Where? When?

 ببليوجرافيا

• Osborn, Alex F. (1953). Applied Imagination: Principles and Procedures of Creative Problem Solving. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1953. OCLC 641122686