سلاح فرط صوتي

(تم التحويل من Hypersonic weapon)
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Hypersonic missile
Comparison of ballistic missile and hypersonic glide vehicle flight trajectories
Hypersonic missile
Scramjet-powered hypersonic cruise missile

سلاح فرط صوتي hypersonic weapon is a weapon that can travel and make significant sustained maneuvers during atmospheric flight at hypersonic speed, which is defined as above Mach 5 (five times the speed of sound).[1] These typically fall into two main categories: hypersonic glide vehicles (boost-glide weapons), and hypersonic cruise missiles (airbreathing weapons).[2][3]

Below Mach 1, weapons would be characterized as subsonic, and above Mach 1, as supersonic. At extremely high speeds, air in the shock wave is ionized into a plasma, which makes control and communication difficult.[4]

تصنيف

There are two main categories of hypersonic weapon:

  1. Boost-glide hypersonic weapons, which glide and maneuver at hypersonic speeds following boosting by rocket propulsion. Typical examples are ballistic missiles fitted with hypersonic glide vehicle warheads.[5][1][3]
  2. Airbreathing hypersonic weapons, typically hypersonic cruise missiles which maintain hypersonic speed by engines such as scramjets.[5][1] [3]

Gun-launched weapons, projectiles fired from either a conventional artillery or prospective railguns may also be considered a type of hypersonic weapon, though they are less common than the two main types.[1]

Existing weapon systems such as ballistic missiles already travel at hypersonic speeds (and may actually reach their target sooner when on depressed trajectories)[6] but are not typically classified as hypersonic weapons due to lacking the use of aerodynamic lift to allow their reentry vehicles to maneuver under guided flight within the atmosphere.[3][7][8] Maneuverable reentry vehicles, such as employed on the Pershing II, Fattah-1 and DF-21D, are generally excluded from this definition as they maneuver aerodynamically only for short periods of time during the terminal phase, and lack the significant cross-range maneuverability expected from hypersonic weapons.[2][3] Additionally, air-to-air missiles can temporarily reach hypersonic speeds in certain atmospheric envelopes and launch regimes, but generally are not considered as hypersonic weapons as they do not conduct significant maneuvers at these speeds nor have the ability to evade anti-missile defenses.[9][7][2][3]

التاريخ

The Silbervogel was the first design for a hypersonic weapon and was developed by German scientists in the 1930s, but was never constructed.[10]

The ASALM (Advanced Strategic Air-Launched Missile) was a medium-range strategic missile program developed in the late 1970s for the United States Air Force; the missile's development reached the stage of propulsion-system testing, test-flown to Mach 5.5[11] before being cancelled in 1980.

In the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia was seen to have fielded operational weapons and used them for combat. The Kremlin presents new hypersonic weapons as supposedly capable of overcoming "any" foreign missile defense systems, with the "pre-nuclear deterrence" concept contained in its 2014 iteration of the official Russian Military Doctrine.[12] A volley of Russian hypersonic missiles were launched at Kyiv in January 2023.[13]

أمثلة للأسلحة الفرط صوتية

Selected examples of hypersonic weapons programs:

الصين

  • DF-17/DF-ZF - hypersonic glide vehicle / ballistic missile
  • DF-27 - hypersonic glide vehicle / ballistic missile
  • YJ-17 - hypersonic boost-glide waverider / ballistic missile
  • YJ-19 - hypersonic scramjet cruise missile
  • CJ-1000 - hypersonic scramjet cruise missile
  • YKJ-1000 - Cheap hypersonic missile.[14]

فرنسا

الهند

Hypersonic missile
The second firing trial of India's LRAShM

اليابان

كوريا الشمالية

روسيا

الولايات المتحدة

An Air-Launched Rapid Response Weapon (ARRW) carried by a B-52 bomber

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث John T. Watts; Christian Trotti; Mark J. Massa (August 2020), Primer on Hypersonic Weapons in the Indo-Pacific Region, Atlantic Council, ISBN 978-1-61977-111-6, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Hypersonics-Weapons-Primer-Report.pdf 
  2. ^ أ ب ت Trevithick, Joseph (2025-06-19). "Iran Just Used Ballistic Missiles With Cluster Warheads To Strike Israel". The War Zone (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2025-06-20. "It is not speed alone that distinguishes the two main types of weapons known as hypersonic weapons – hypersonic glide vehicles (HGVs) and hypersonic cruise missiles (HCMs) – but also the ability to manoeuvre significantly during atmospheric flight, including at considerable cross-range."
  3. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Trevithick, Joseph (2025-06-30). "Blackbeard 'Cheap' Hypersonic Strike Missile Being Developed For U.S. Army (Updated)". The War Zone (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2026-05-27.
  4. ^ "Re-Entry Aircraft".
  5. ^ أ ب Stone, Richard (8 January 2020). "'National pride is at stake.' Russia, China, United States race to build hypersonic weapons". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aba7957.
  6. ^ "Hypersonic weapons are mediocre. It's time to stop wasting money on them". 12 March 2024.
  7. ^ أ ب Schumann, Anna (2023-11-15). "Fact Sheet: Hypersonic Weapons". Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2025-05-31.
  8. ^ Montgomery, Alexander. "Ukraine and the Kinzhal: Don't believe the hypersonic hype". Brookings Institution. The term "hypersonic" is now typically used just to refer to two types of weapons that are being developed through contemporary defense programs: hypersonic glide vehicles (HGVs) and hypersonic cruise missiles (HCMs).
  9. ^ "U.S. Hypersonic Weapons and Alternatives | Congressional Budget Office". www.cbo.gov (in الإنجليزية). 2023-01-31. Retrieved 2025-05-31.
  10. ^ Wright, David; Tracy, Cameron (August 2021). "Overhyped". Scientific American. 325 (2): 64–71. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0821-64. PMID 39020784. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmid= value (help)
  11. ^ "ASALM". www.astronautix.com.
  12. ^ McDermott, Roger (4 February 2022). "The Role of Hypersonic Weapons in Russian Military Strategy". The Jamestown Foundation.
  13. ^ "Ukraine war: Kyiv says it shot down Russian hypersonic missiles" (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). 2023-05-16. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
  14. ^ Desk, News (2025-12-04). "China unveils low-cost YKJ-1000 hypersonic missile - The Daily CPEC" (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2026-06-16. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  15. ^ "MBDA en dit un peu plus sur l'ASN4G, le futur missile de la composante aéroportée de la dissuasion française" (in الفرنسية). 12 March 2023.
  16. ^ "Le futur missile de la composante aéroportée de la dissuasion française : l'ASN4G" (in الفرنسية). 13 March 2023.
  17. ^ Negi, Manjeet (2024-11-17). "India successfully tests first long-range hypersonic missile, joins select club". India Today (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2024-11-17.
  18. ^ Rao, V. Kamalakara (2024-11-17). "DRDO 'successfully conducts' flight trial of India's first long-range hypersonic missile". The Hindu (in Indian English). ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
  19. ^ "India joins global race for hypersonic weaponry with successful missile test". The Economic Times. 2024-11-17. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
  20. ^ Karnozov, Vladimir. "Putin Reveals Zircon Mach 9 Missile Specification | AIN". Aviation International News. Retrieved 2025-03-29.
  21. ^ "Russia loads missile with nuclear-capable glide vehicle into launch silo". Reuters. 16 November 2023.
  22. ^ Buccellatto, Salvatore. "Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept (HAWC)". DARPA.
  23. ^ "Partnering and integration speed delivery of a hypersonic missile". www.rtx.com.
  24. ^ Losey, Stephen (12 March 2024). "Air Force budget backs Raytheon hypersonic, no Lockheed missile funds". DefenseNews.com.
  25. ^ Tirpak, John (13 March 2024). "Air Force Looks to Reusable Hypersonics as ARRW Ends and HACM Gears Up for Testing". Air & Space Forces Magazine.
  26. ^ "Report to Congress on Army Long Range Hypersonic Weapon". USNI. 5 December 2023.
  27. ^ "Lockheed Martin's Hypersonic OpFires Missile Has Medium Range Covered". Lockheed Martin.
  28. ^ Malin, Hamish. "Operational Fires". DARPA.
  29. ^ "Lockheed Martin's New Mako Hypersonic Missile Breaks Cover". 10 April 2024.

للاستزادة

  • Kunertova, Dominika (2022). "Hypersonic Weapons: Emerging, Disruptive, Political". In Carlson, Brian G.; Thränert, Oliver (eds.). Strategic Trends 2022: Key Developments in Global Affairs. Center for Security Studies. pp. 43–67. doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000552689. ISBN 978-3-905696-85-1.

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Congressional Research Service document "Hypersonic Weapons: Background and Issues for Congress" by Kelley M. Sayler.

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