استصلاح الأراضي
استصلاح الأراضي (Land restoration)، والتي قد تشمل إعادة الطبيعة البرية، هي عملية تحويل الأراضي غير المنتجة (الأراضي الصحراوية أو المالحة) إلى أراضي زراعية خصبة، بهدف زيادة الرقعة الزراعية، توفير فرص عمل، وتحقيق التنمية الاقتصادية. تشمل العملية حفر آبار المياه الجوفية، تسوية الأرض، إزالة الملوحة، واستخدام تقنيات ري حديثة (بالرش أو التنقيط).
عادة ما يكون التدهور أو التدمير البيئي، والذي يُمثّل استصلاح الأراضي علاجاً له، نتيجة لتأثيرات بشرية مقصودة أو غير مقصودة. ويشمل ذلك التلوث، إزالة الغابات، ملوحة التربة، وتهديد الأنواع بالانقراض، وغيرها. ويختلف استصلاح الأراضي عن ردم البحر، حيث تُغيّر النظم البيئية القائمة أو تُدمّر لإفساح المجال للزراعة أو البناء. يُمكن لاستصلاح الأراضي أن يُعزّز توفير خدمات النظام البيئي القيّمة التي تُفيد الإنسان.
الخطوات الأولى
In order to increase the chances for successful landscape restoration, several key parameters need to be determined. A shared understanding of the definition of restoration should be defined for the project. As there can be many different motivations for landscape restoration – influenced by personal or environmental ethics, opinions, priorities, available data, economics, etc. – the definition of the term can mean different things to different people and has changed over time.[1] Additionally, in order to monitor the success of a restoration project, a reference model or reference ecosystem should be selected in order to make comparisons. Along with this, proper surveys of existing conditions should take place. Furthermore, design considerations like restoration methods, contingency plans, monitoring, maintenance, permits, resources, budget, and timeline need to be known and will influence landscape restoration capabilities.[1]
الإدارة التكيفية
Adaptive management is "an approach for simultaneously managing and learning about natural resources."[2] It is the primary method used in managing land restoration projects, as natural resources can respond to management interventions; however, the durability and desirability of these responses are uncertain and depend on a combination of controllable and uncontrollable factors.[2] Therefore, adapting how a project is managed based on responses from the ecosystem is a more informed approach to landscape restoration.
المعرفة البيئية التقليدية
Traditional ecological knowledge has had increase significance and usage in landscape restoration spheres.[3] Using traditional ecological knowledge alongside Western ecological knowledge is becoming the more mainstream approach to landscape restoration, as many landscapes have evolved alongside humans over thousands of years, and because often times the ideal landscape used as the reference ecosystem is the pre-colonial ecological landscape.[4]
دراسة حالة: مكافحة التصحر
Land reclamation in deserts involves
- setting up reliable water provisioning (e.g. by digging wells or placing long-distance water pipes)
- stabilizing and fixating the soil
Stabilizing and fixating the soil is usually done in several phases.
The first phase is fixating the soil to such extent that dune movement is ceased. This is done by grasses, and plants providing wind protection such as shelterbelts, windbreaks and woodlots. Shelterbelts are wind protections composed of rows of trees, arranged perpendicular to the prevailing wind, while woodlots are more extensive areas of woodland.[5]
The second phase involves improving/enriching the soil by planting nitrogen-fixating plants and using the soil immediately to grow crops. Nitrogen fixating plants used include clover, yellow mustard, beans, etc., and food crops include wheat, barley, beans, peas, sweet potatoes, date, olives, limes, figs, apricot, guava, tomato, certain herbs, etc. Regardless of the cover crop used, the crops (not including any trees) are each year harvested and/or plowed into the soil (e.g. with clover). In addition, each year the plots are used for another type of crop (known as crop rotation) to prevent depleting the soil on specific trace elements.
A recent development is the Seawater Greenhouse and Seawater Forest. This proposal is to construct these devices on coastal deserts in order to create fresh water and grow food.[6] A similar approach is the Desert Rose concept.[7] These approaches are of widespread applicability, since the relative costs of pumping large quantities of seawater inland are low.[8]
Another related concept is ADRECS[مطلوب توضيح] – a proposed system for rapidly delivering soil stabilisation and re-forestation techniques coupled with renewable energy generation.[9]
انظر أيضاً
- Land rehabilitation
- Environmental restoration
- Reforestation, Forest restoration, Forest landscape restoration
- Restoration ecology
- Farmer-managed natural regeneration
- Floodplain restoration
- Groundwater remediation
- Riparian-zone restoration
- Stream restoration
- Tree planting
- Bioremediation
- Daylighting (streams)
- Mine reclamation
- Soil salinity control, restoration of saline land
- Bonn Challenge
- Rewilding
- Passive rewilding
- Urban reforestation
- Artificialization
المصادر
- ^ أ ب Holl, Karen (2020). Primer of Ecological Restoration. IslandPress. pp. 7–11. ISBN 978-1-61091-972-2.
- ^ أ ب Williams, Byron K. (2011-05-01). "Adaptive management of natural resources—framework and issues". Journal of Environmental Management. Adaptive management for Natural Resources. 92 (5): 1346–1353. Bibcode:2011JEnvM..92.1346W. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.10.041. ISSN 0301-4797. PMID 21075505.
- ^ Lake, Frank K.; Parrotta, John; Giardina, Christian P.; Davidson-Hunt, Iain; Uprety, Yadav (2018-09-03), Integration of Traditional and Western knowledge in forest landscape restoration, The Earthscan forest library, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 198–226, doi:, ISBN 978-1-315-11187-2
- ^ Gordon (Iñupiaq), Heather Sauyaq Jean; Ross, J. Ashleigh; Cheryl Bauer-Armstrong; Moreno, Maria; Byington (Choctaw), Rachel; Bowman (Lunaape/Mohican), Nicole (2023-02-01). "Integrating Indigenous Traditional Ecological Knowledge of land into land management through Indigenous-academic partnerships". Land Use Policy. 125 106469. Bibcode:2023LUPol.12506469G. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106469. ISSN 0264-8377.
- ^ Desert reclamation
- ^ The Sahara Project a new source of freshwater food and energy
- ^ Desert Rose - Claverton Group Energy Conference, Bath October 2008
- ^ "what power is needed to pump seawater to the middle of the Gobi Desert for desalination in the SeaWater Greenhouse?".
- ^ http://www.claverton-energy.com/download/320/[dead link]
وصلات خارجية
- "Degraded Land Restoration". Regeneration.org. 2021.
- "Global Restoration Initiative". World Resources Institute. 16 May 2024.
- "The Bonn Challenge".
The Bonn Challenge is a global aspiration to restore 150 million hectares of the world's deforested and degraded lands by 2020