آخر الرومان
(تم التحويل من Last of the Romans)
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Pope Gregory I, saint and pope
المصطلح آخر الرومان (لاتينية: Ultimus Romanorum)، أو تنويعات منه، اِستُخدِم تاريخياً لوصف شخص رؤيَ أنه يجسد قِيَم الحضارة الرومانية القديمة – values which, by implication, became extinct on their death. It has been used to describe a number of individuals. The first recorded instance was Julius Caesar's description of Marcus Junius Brutus as the one with whom the old Roman spirit would become extinct.
قائمة أشخاص وُصِفوا بأنهم "آخر الرومان"
في حوض المتوسط القديم وأوائل القروسطي
- Gaius Cassius Longinus (d. 42 BC), so called by Brutus and by the ancient historian Aulus Cremutius Cordus.
- Gaius Asinius Pollio (75 BC – AD 4), one of the last great orators and writers of the Roman Republic.
- Valentinian I (321–375), the last Western Emperor to campaign extensively on both sides of the Rhine and Danube frontiers.[1]
- Valens (328–378), "the Last True Roman" [2] Eastern Emperor (and brother of Valentinian I) who led his army to a catastrophic defeat in the Battle of Adrianople.
- Stilicho, a powerful Vandalic-Roman general in the early 5th century.[3] Also called "the last of the Roman generals" in Chapter XXX of Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.[4]
- Flavius Aëtius (396?–454), a general in the late Western Roman Empire who defended Gaul against the Franks and other barbarians, and defeated Attila in the Catalaunian Fields near Châlons, in 451. So called by Procopius.[3]
- Count Boniface (died 432), a general in the late Western Roman Empire. Rival of Flavius Aëtius. So called by Procopius.[3]
- Galla Placidia (388-450), empress consort to Constantius III and mother of Valentinian III, she was "the last Roman empress"[5] and de facto ruler of the Western Roman Empire from 425 to 437.
- Majorian (420–461), Roman Emperor between 457 and 461. He was the last emperor universally recognized as the de facto ruler of the entire western empire, briefly reconquering most of the lost territories in Gaul and Hispania.[6]
- Ambrosius Aurelianus (5th century), a Romano-British military commander against the Anglo-Saxon invasion. So called by Gildas.[7]
- Romulus Augustulus (deposed 476), the last reigning Western Roman Emperor.[8]
- Julius Nepos (died 480), the predecessor to Romulus Augustulus and the last legitimate Western Roman Emperor. He ruled a rump state in Dalmatia for another four years until his death in 480. [9]
- Syagrius (c. 430-486), a Roman general who held control of Roman territory in northern Gaul, today called the Kingdom of Soissons, for another decade after the fall of Romulus Augustulus [10].
- Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (480–525?), one of the last great philosophers of Rome. He was regarded as last of the Romans and first of the medieval scholastics by Martin Grabmann; also a canonized saint.[11]
- Gildas (fl. early 6th century), Romano-British clergyman, writer and saint.[12]
- Justinian I "the Great" (482?–565), second of the Justinian Dynasty, and probably the last Byzantine emperor to speak Latin as a first language.[13]
- Flavius Belisarius (505?–565), a widely acclaimed general of the Byzantine Empire under Justinian, known for his reconquest of portions of the Western Empire.[14][15]
- Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator (c. 485 – c. 580), Roman statesman and writer.[16]
- Gregory the Great (540?–604), an influential Pope and native to Rome.[17]
- Desiderius of Cahors (580?–655), Gallo-Roman aristocrat, bishop, and saint.[18]
في إسبانيا القروسطية
- Saint Eulogius of Córdoba (800–859), is known as the Last Hispano-Roman. His family was of the senatorial class and held land in Córdoba (Corduba) from Roman times.
في إنجلترة
- William Congreve, called "Ultimus Romanorum" by Alexander Pope.[19]
- Samuel Johnson, called "Ultimus Romanorum" by Thomas Carlyle.[20]
- H. H. Asquith, "last of the Romans" was used on numerous occasions for him after his fall from power in 1916.[21]
في الولايات المتحدة
في الولايات المتحدة، "آخر الرومان" اِستُخدِمت في مناسبات عديدة خلال أوائل القرن التاسع عشر ككناية للزعماء السياسيون ورجال الدولة الذين شاركوا في الثورة الأمريكية بتوقيع إعلان استقلال الولايات المتحدة، أو المشاركة في الحرب الثورية الأمريكية، أو أسست دستور الولايات المتحدة.[22]
انظر أيضاً
- سقوط الإمبراطورية الرومانية الغربية
- Succession of the Roman Empire
- سقوط القسطنطينية
- Succession to the Byzantine Empire
- Legacy of the Roman Empire
المراجع
- ^ "Valentinian I: The last of the triumphant Roman emperors in the west". 31 October 2015. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ^ Grant, Madison (2013). Conquest of a Continent. Paris: Wermod and Wermod Publishing Group. p. 46. ISBN 9781909606012.
- ^ أ ب ت Brewer, E. Cobham (1898). Dictionary of Phrase and Fable.
- ^ Ang, Daniel (22 June 2016). "Gibbon, Part 4: Theodosius and the Last Roman General". Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ^ Sivan, Hagith (2011). Galla Placidia: The Last Roman Empress. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195379136.
- ^ de Vries, Janus. The Last Romans: Emperor Majorian and the Fall of Rome (BA thesis). University College Tilburg.
- ^ "Britannia EBK Articles: Generations of Ambrosius Part 1". Britannia.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ^ Murdoch, Adrian (2006). The Last Roman: Romulus Augustulus and the Decline of the West.
- ^ Roos, Dave (20 August 2025). "Who Was the Last Roman Emperor?". History.com (in English). Retrieved 30 December 2025.
herefore, some historians argue that Nepos was actually the last Roman emperor until his death in 480, four years after Augustulus was deposed.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Petit, Paul (30 January 2025). "Barbarian Kingdoms". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 23 February 2025. Retrieved 30 December 2025.
In Gaul, Clovis, the king of the Salian Franks (reigned 481/482–511), expelled Syagrius, the last Roman, from Soissons.
- ^ "Boethius and the Middle Ages". Hottopos.com. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ^ Kerlouégan, François (1987). Le De Excidio Britanniae de Gildas. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne. p. 579.
- ^ Wickham, Chris (2009). The Inheritance of Rome. Penguin Books. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-670-02098-0.
- ^ Otto, Nadine (2 January 2018). ""Book of the Month" January 2018". Tredition.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ^ Hughes, Ian (2009). Belisarius: The Last Roman General. South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 9781844158331.
- ^ "The Last of the Romans: Cassiodorus between Rome, Ravenna and Constantinople - Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies". Cems.ceu.edu. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ^ "Message for the 14th centenary of the death of Pope St Gregory the Great". The Vatican. 22 October 2003.
- ^ Mathisen, Ralph W. (2013). Desiderius of Cahors: Last of the Romans (part of "Gallien in Spätantike und Frühmittelalter" conference proceedings). De Gruyter. p. 455. ISBN 978-3110260779.
- ^ Spence, Joseph (1820). Anecdotes, Observations, and Characters, of Books and Men: Collected from the Conversation of Mr. Pope and Other Eminent Persons of His Time (in الإنجليزية). W.H. Carpenter. ISBN 978-0-598-90357-0.
- ^ Carlyle, Thomas (1840). On Heroes, Hero-worship, and the Heroic in History.
- ^ Blake, Robert (2013). The Decline of Power, 1915-1964. Faber Finds. p. 132. ISBN 9780571296262.
- ^ Elizabeth Fox-Genovese; Eugene D. Genovese (2005). The Mind of the Master Class: History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders' Worldview. Cambridge University Press. p. 278. ISBN 9780521850650.
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