أسرة بولالا

أسرة بولالا[1][2] هي الأسرة الملكية للقادة التقليديين لشعب البولالا، وهي مجموعة عرقية تتركز اليوم حول بحيرة فطري في تشاد. حكم ملوك البولالا تاريخيًا أقاليم مختلفة، وتفاوتت سلطاتهم وألقابهم. قوائم حكام البولالا، التي تم حفظها عبر التقليد الشفهي، غير متسقة ومتناقضة قبل أواخر القرن التاسع عشر.

في القرن الرابع عشر، غزا البولالا كانم، وهي منطقة تقع شمال شرق بحيرة تشاد مباشرة، من سلالة السيفاوة التابعة لإمبراطورية كانم-برنو. يُشار إلى حكام البولالا في كانم بألقاب مثل ماي، وأمير، وسلطان في المصادر، وهي ألقاب كانت تُطلق أيضًا على ملوك السيفاوة. فقد البولالا كانم في القرن السابع عشر، وبعد ذلك هاجروا إلى أراضيهم الحالية حول بحيرة فطري. ومنذ ذلك الحين، أصبحت عاصمة البولالا التقليدية هي بلدة ياو. ومن ثم، يُشار إلى حكام البولالا منذ القرن السابع عشر عادةً باسم سلاطين ياو،[3] على الرغم من استخدام ألقاب أخرى أحيانًا، مثل "ماي فطري"[4] أو "سلطان فطري".[5]

شخصيات الأجداد

تتشابه روايات الأصول التقليدية لحكام البولالا، وغالباً ما ترتبط بروايات أصول أو حكام سلالة السيفاوة، التي حكمت إمبراطورية كانم-برنو. ومثل السيفاوة، ادعى البولالا منذ وقت اعتناقهم الإسلام نسباً عربياً وهمياً كمصدر للهيبة.[3] هناك روايات متعددة ومتناقضة لقصة الأصل، بأسماء مختلفة تُعطى لسلف سلالة البولالا:

  • تزعم إحدى الروايات أن البولالا ينحدرون من شخصية سلفية تحمل الاسم نفسه، تدعى بلال[6] أو بلال.[1] يُقال إن بلال كان من أوائل الأفارقة الذين اعتنقوا الإسلام، وربما كان من صحابة النبي الأوائل.[6] ويُذكر أن أحفاد بلال "اختلطوا بالعرب".[6] وتتضمن رواية أخرى أيضاً شخصية بلال، لكنها تجعله شخصية كانمبية محلية، نَظّم قوة لمعارضة حكم السيفاوة.[1]
  • تمنح إحدى الروايات السلف اليمني للبولالا اسم محمد الكبير اليماني.[4][7] يُقال إن النبي قد استثمر اليماني كملك، وعاش لمائتي عام. ووفقاً لهذه الحكاية، سافر اليماني على نطاق واسع وحاول نشر الإسلام بين شعوب مختلفة، بما في ذلك شعوب حول البحر الأحمر، قبل أن يستقر في تشاد الحديثة.[4]
  • تزعم إحدى الروايات أن البولالا كانوا من نسل "سلطان بغداد" وأنهم "حصلوا على السلطة في بغداد" لفترة من الزمن.[8] ووفقاً لهذه الحكاية، تعرض البولالا للهجوم في بغداد على يد سيف (السلف الذي يحمل الاسم نفسه للسيفاوة) بعد أن غادر اليمن؛ يُقال إن سيف هزم البولالا وأصبح سلطان بغداد. غادر سيف في النهاية بغداد وسافر إلى "بادينيمغورو"، حيث مكث 333 عاماً، ثم سافر إلى "نغبي نغابولو"، حيث مكث أيضاً 333 عاماً، قبل أن يصل إلى نجيمي في كانم. جاء البولالا إلى كانم لاحقاً، وانقسمت البلاد بينهم وبين السيفاوة.[8]
  • تسمي إحدى الروايات أول حاكم للبولالا باسم جيل سوكومامي[9] أو جيل شيكوميني.[10] يعتقد هاينريش بارث (1857) أن جيل كان ابناً لـ"ماي" السيفاوة دوناما الثاني ديبالمي.[10] وضعه ريتشموند بالمر (1936) في وقت لاحق، كمعاصر لملوك السيفاوة في القرن الرابع عشر إدريس الأول نيكالمي وداود نيكالمي.[9]

روايات التاريخ الشفوي

نبذة تاريخية

يمكن إنتاج مخطط عام لتاريخ البولالا من خلال المصادر البولالية والأجنبية. سُجل لأول مرة أن البولالا كانوا في صراع مع السيفاوة في عهد "ماي" السيفاوة في القرن الرابع عشر داود نيكالمي.[11] هُزم داود وقُتل على يد البولالا حوالي عام 1363،[أ] وتمكن البولالا من الاستيلاء على نجيمي، عاصمة كانم.[12][10] استعاد خليفة داود، عثمان الأول، نجيمي،[12] لكنه خسرها مرة أخرى أمام البولالا بعد بضع سنوات، في زمن "ماي" السيفاوة عمر الأول إدريسمي، حوالي عام 1380.[13] دفع فقدان كانم السيفاوة إلى إعادة تأسيس أنفسهم غرب بحيرة تشاد، في منطقة برنو.[12]

أسس البولالا مملكتهم الخاصة في كانم، والتي نافست مملكة السيفاوة في برنو.[14] حكم البولالا كانم حتى فقدوا البلاد حوالي عام 1630،[15] وبعد ذلك انتقلوا إلى أراضيهم الحالية حول بحيرة فطري.[14]

الحكام المذكورون في جرجام سيفاوا

يُسجل تاريخ إمبراطورية كانم-برنو وحكامها بشكل أساسي في "جرجام"، وهي سجل ملكي تم الحفاظ عليه عبر القرون بشكل أساسي من خلال التاريخ الشفهي. تذكر مخطوطات "جرجام" التي تسجل خط حكام السيفاوة أيضًا العديد من حكام البولالا، على الرغم من عدم تسجيل خط كامل للحكام. يتم إعطاء أسماء وتفاصيل مماثلة لهؤلاء الحكام في مخطوطات "جرجام" التي ترجمها هاينريش بارث في عام 1857[12] وريتشموند بالمر في عام 1928:[11]

Name (Barth, 1857)[12] Name (Palmer, 1928)[11] Sayfawa contemporary[12] Details[12]
ʿAbd el Jélil Abd ul Jalil of the seed of Ume (Jilmi)[ب] Dawud Nikalemi Killed Dawud in battle
Mohammed, son of ʿAbd Allah "The Eanemma" Gaji Killed Gaji in battle
Selma or ʿAbd el Jélil Not mentioned Ali I Gaji Barth stated that the contemporary Leo Africanus mistakenly[ت] identified this ruler as ʿOmár.
Dunama, son of Selma or ʿAbd el Jélil Not mentioned Idris III Katagarmabe Son of Selma, defeated by Idris III
A'dim, brother of Dunama Not mentioned) Idris III Katagarmabe Took the throne after his brother Dunama's death, defeated by Idris III
Kadé, son of ʿAbd el Jélil and Lifiya Kadai ibn Lefia Muhammad VI Aminami Rose up against Muhammad VI and was defeated
ʿAbd el Jélil, son of Kade Abd ul Jalil ibn Gumsu Dunama VI Muhammad
Abdullah IV Dunamami 		Son of Kadé, rose up against Dunama VI and was defeated
ʿAbd Allah, son of ʿAbd el Jélil Not mentioned Abdullah IV Dunamami
Aissa Koli
Idris IV Alooma 		Son of ʿAbd el Jélil, concluded a peace treaty with Idris IV
Mohammed, son of ʿAbd Allah Not mentioned Idris IV Alooma Son of ʿAbd Allah, died after a short reign
ʿAbd el Jélil ben ʿAbd el Jélil Abd ul Jalil the son of the daughter of Gargar Idris IV Alooma Uncle of Mohammed, broke off negotiations with Idris IV and fought a war against him

Bilala girgams and histories

The Bilala have their own girgam tradition to record the royal line, though the sequence of rulers differs considerably between different versions. Some traditional short histories of specific episodes in Bilala history also record a handful of rulers. Several royal lists and short histories were translated by Richmond Palmer in his Sudanese Memoirs (1928).[4][7][8][16][17]

التواريخ

One of the tales translated by Palmer (in several versions) is The Bilala Secession from the Mais of Kanem, which records the Bilala conquest of Kanem and the decades that followed. Depending on the version, The Bilala Secession records a single Bilala ruler (eponymously named "Bilala" or "Bulala") as conquering Kanem and ruling for a century, or a succession of three rulers:[16]

  • Sultan Bilala (or Lefia) of Fitri, who conquered Kanem from the Sayfawa mai Dawud and ruled for 25 years.[16]
  • Sultan Sowi, who ruled for 32 years.[16]
  • Sultan Yari bin Sowi, who ruled for 19 years and was defeated by the Sayfawa mai "Ali Gaji".[16]

To make the chronology fit, Palmer identified "Ali Gaji" not as the Sayfawa mai otherwise recorded as Ali I Gaji, but as the earlier Sayfawa ruler Gaji,[16] who the Sayfawa girgam contradictorily describes as having been killed by a Bilala ruler named Mohammed.[12] Palmer suggested that Yari and Mohammed were two names for the same ruler, and that both names were later nicknames.[16]

Another tale, The War Between the Bilala and Sayfawa, records Bilala history around the time of the Sayfawa mai Idris IV Alooma.[8] This tale includes a confused account of Sayfawa history; the Sayfawa mais Ali I Gaji (builder of Ngazargamu) and Ali II Zainami (Idris's father) are erroneously equated as the same person and Aissa Koli is erroneously identified as the daughter of Dunama II Dibalemi.[8] The War Between the Bilala and Sayfawa records that Ali married Amsa, daughter of the Bilala ruler Umr (Umar),[ث] who was Idris's mother. Idris eventually becomes ruler of the Sayfawa and later leads a campaign in which he defeats and kills his maternal grandfather Umr, also becoming ruler of the Bilala.[8] After Idris, Mai Kunuma (or Mai Mala Ganami), son of Umr, becomes ruler of the Bilala and the Bilala relocate to the Lake Fitri region.[8]

Lists (girgams)

In Sudanese Memoirs, Palmer translated three lists of Bilala rulers. These lists included a Bilala girgam, with regnal years and some notes, as well as two name lists of rulers. Palmer titled the two name lists as List of Bilala Mais of Kanem (List A) and Origin of the Bilala Kings of Fitri According to the Manuscript of Sarkin Gulfei (List B). The lists do not differentiate between ancestral figures, Bilala rulers of Kanem, and Bilala rulers of Yao (Fitri).

Bilala girgam[7] List B[4] List A[17]
  1. Muhammad al-Yamani, the first Bilala ruler, came to the "Bahr Sau"[ج] and died there.
  2. Salih (12 years)
  3. Muhammad al-Wan (24 years)
  4. Abdul Jalil al-Kabir (47 years), fought against "Idris of Bornu"[ح] and conquered Lake Fitri, first to rule from Yao
  5. Muhammad Alwan (19 years), son of Abdul Jalil al-Kabir
  6. Muhammad Rishad (21 years), son of Muhammad Alwan
  7. Muhammad Adil Saghir (7 years and 6 months), brother of Muhammad Rishad
  8. Muhammad Adil al-Kabir (19 years), son of Muhammad Adil Saghir
  9. Muhammad Beyad (4 years and 4 months), son of Muhammad Adil al-Kabir
  10. Muhammad Umr (30 years), brother of Muhammad Beyad
  11. Muhammad Jeli al-Saghir (3 years), son of Muhammad Umr
  12. Muhammad Abd al-Jalil al-Kabir (5 years), son of Muhammad Jeli al-Saghir
  13. Muhamamd N'gâri (15 years), son of Muhammad Abd al-Jalil al-Kabir
  14. Abdurahman (or Abd ar-Rahman) (25 years), son of Muhammad N'gâri, fought a war against a group of Toubo
  15. Muhammad Sowi (49 years), son of Abdurahman, a just ruler
  16. Muhammad Abd al-Jalil al-Kabir (32 years), son of Muhamamd Sowi
  17. Muhammad Abd al-Jalil al-Saghir (47 years), brother of Muhammad Abd al-Jalil al-Kabir, famine and sickness in his reign
  18. Muhammad Shawi (29 years), son of Muhammad Abd al-Jalil al-Kabir
  19. Idris (37 years), son of Muhammad Shawi, war with Bagirmi over ivory
  20. Muhammad Bekuma al-Kabir (39 years), son of Idris
  21. Jurab al-Fil (40 years), brother of Muhammad Bekuma al-Kabir
  22. Musa (24 years), civil war against his brother Jurab al-Saghir, who fled the country but returned and killed Musa after Musa had ruled 24 years
  23. Jurab al-Saghir (38 years), brother of Musa
  24. Hassan Bekuma (7 years), civil war against his brother Gudei, who fled the country to Wadai
  25. Maina Jiri (3 years), brother of Hassan Bekuma, attacked, defeated, and taken prisoner by Yusuf of Wadai
  26. Gudei (13 years), brother of Maina Jiri and Hassan Bekuma, installed by Yusuf of Wadai, faced civil war by Musa's sons, killed by the French
  27. Hassan (20 years), successor of Gudei
  28. Chiroma, son of Hassan, became ruler in 1922
  1. Muhammad al-Kabir al-Yamani
  2. Muhammad
  3. Muhammad
  4. Muhammad
  5. Moama Mahmud
  6. Muhammad
  7. Muhammad
  8. Muhammad al-Bulalai, "in whose time the separation occurred"[خ]
  9. Muhammad
  10. Muhammad Tsilin (Al Aswad) "the prosperous"
  11. Muhammad
  12. Muhammad
  13. Abd al-Kârim
  14. Abd al-Jalil
  15. Abd al-Jalil
  16. Abdalla Fahanam
  17. Jili (Abd al-Jalil)
  18. Muhammad Chiroma
  19. Muhammad Wali, buried at "Seita"
  20. Abdalla (Abdullahi)
  21. Muhammad Jurab al-Kabir
  22. Muhammad Abu Sakkin
  23. Sultan Muhammad Jurab
  24. Muhammad Kade
  1. Othman ibn Affan
  2. Hakkiyi
  3. Umr
  4. Khuri
  5. Hadar
  6. Tadu
  7. Hari
  8. Kudu or Kiwada
  9. Kunna or Kinâ
  10. Gadig or Gadga
  11. Mai Koma or Mai Gana
  12. Sadiyi or Sadi
  13. Lefia
  14. Gemu or Jimu
  15. Jurab
  16. Abu Sakkin
  17. Baliyi or Baliya
  18. K'ala
  19. Haj Halihan or Haj Jil
  20. Bêhama
  21. Asawa or Asawi
  22. Dahu or Dahi
  23. Lihu or Lihi
  24. Hamr or Umr
  25. Adam
  26. Bikur
  27. Tâdu
  28. Haj Umr
  29. Adam Kai
  30. Abdurrahman
  31. Ahmad or Hamad
  32. Sowi or Sawi (Asawi)
  33. Sultan Yari
  34. Lefia (Maina Muhammad ibn Yari)
  35. Dala
  36. Daward (Khalifa Daudumi)
  37. Lefia
  38. Dala
  39. Umr
  40. Chiroma
  41. Medu or Maidugu
  42. Kademi or Kazgin
  43. Kâlah or Kâle
  44. Shattima "who is Mahir-asal-Sheikh"

According to Palmer, the differences at the end of List A are due to a split in the Bilala lineage, with List A representing the branch of a Bilala prince named Shettima, not of the main line.[17] Palmer believed both List A and List B to be faulty but stated that they supplemented each other, claiming that an approximate full list could be created by combining the two.[4] Palmer also created a comparative list, where several figures were speculatively identified as the same, such as Othman ibn Affan in List A perhaps being the same figure as Muhammad el-Yamani in List B.[4]

Hagenbucher's list

Frank Hagenbucher wrote down a list of Bilala rulers in April 1967, published in 1968 as part of a larger collection of notes and observations on the Bilala.[3] Hagenbucher's list is limited to the Bilala rulers of Yao, i.e. after their flight from Kanem. Hagenbucher's list begins with Mahamat Djil Essa Tubo, who Hagenbucher identified as the first sultan of Yao.[3]

Name Regnal years Relationship, notes Seat
Mahamat Djil Essa Tubo 40 years First sultan of Yao Yao
Tshéroma Mahamat 23 years Son of predecessor Yao
Mahamat Madgashé 30 years Son of predecessor Yao
Mada Saxaïr (قالب:Also known as Mat Kurtu) 18 years Son of predecessor Yao
Mahamat Djourab el Kabir 28 years Son of predecessor Yao
Mahamat Mortcho 80 years Son of predecessor Yao
Djourab el Mongo 3 years Son of predecessor Yao
Dogo Arma 3 years Son of Mahamat Mortcho Am Sawasil[د]
Mahamat Balkashé 60 years Son of Mahamat Djourab el Kabir Yao
Djourab Saxaïr (قالب:Also known as Bob Gumsu) 1 year and 6 months Son of predecessor Yao
Moussa Mortcho 7 months Son of Mahamat Mortcho Am Sawasil[د]
Djourab Saxaïr (second reign) 3 years Returned to the throne Yao
Bayé Mortcho 15 years Son of Moussa Mortcho Yao
Djourab Saxaïr (third reign) 38 years Returned to the throne Yao
Hassan Baïkouma 7 years Son of predecessor Yao
Djili 3 years Son of Djourab Saxaïr Yao
Mahamat Gadaï 12 years Son of Djourab Saxaïr Yao
Hassan Absakin 22 years Son of Tschéroma Abdallah, a nephew of Mahamat Balkashé Yao
Mahamat Hassan Abba 23 years Son of Hassan Absakin Yao
Oumar Mahamat Abba 24 years Son of predecessor Yao
Hassan Absakin Became ruler in 1967 Yao

الحكام المعاصرون (أواخر القرن التاسع عشر - الحاضر)

Lists of Bilala rulers are largely in agreement from the death of Djourab Saxaïr (Jurab al-Saghir) in the late 19th century, though dates are inconsistent and contradictory.

This period began with a civil war over the throne between two of Djourab's sons, Hassan Baïkouma (Hassan Bekuma) and Mahamat Gadaï (Muhammad Gadai). Gadaï, based in "Auni (near Meto)", failed to take the throne and was in exile in the Wadai Sultanate for seven years until the Wadai sultan Yusuf defeated Hassan's son Djili and installed Gadaï as ruler.[7] Gadaï ruled until French colonization.[7] The throne has since then been in the hands of the line of Gadaï's relative Hassan Absakine.[3]

Name Reign Relation to predecessor
Hassan Baïkouma (or Hassan Bekuma) "7 years"[3][7] Son of Djourab Saxaïr (Jurab al-Saghir)
Djili (or Jiri) "3 years"[3][7] Son[3] or brother[7]
Mahamat Gadaï (or Gudei, Kadai, Kade) "12 years",[3] "13 years",[7] killed in 1909?[ذ] Uncle or brother[ر]
Hassan Absakine (or Hassan Absakin) "20 years",[7] "22 years",[3] incumbent in 1917[4] First cousin, once removed[ز]
Mahamat Hassan Abba (or Tchoroma) "23 years",[3] became sultan in 1922[7] Son
Oumar Mahamat Abba "24 years"[3] Son
Hassan Absakine Oumar Mahamat Abba 1967[3]–1973 Son
Tchoroma Hassane Absakine[5] 1973–present Son

انظر أيضًا

ملاحظات

  1. ^ تختلف التواريخ بين المصادر. انظر مقالة داود نيكالمي للحصول على تواريخ أخرى مقترحة لنهاية حكمه.
  2. ^ Ume Jilmi is one of several alternate names sometimes used for the Sayfawa mai Hummay.
  3. ^ Barth doubted that ʿOmár was the correct name here since he believed this Bilala ruler to have been the father of the Bilala ruler who was defeated by Idris III Katagarmabe, Ali I Gaji's heir. Idris III's defeated rival was the son of "Selma or ʿAbd el Jélil". Barth also stated that the name ʿOmár is not otherwise known from the sequence of Bilala rulers.[12]
  4. ^ Amsa is in some other accounts identified as Amsa Aliram, i.e. "Amsa, daughter of Ali".
  5. ^ Bahr Sau was identified by Palmer as "In Bideyat country. East of N'galaka."[7]
  6. ^ Three rulers of Bornu bore the name Idris: Idris III Katagarmabe, Idris IV Alooma, and Idris V.
  7. ^ The separation of the Sayfawa and Bilala realms, i.e. the conquest of Kanem by the Bilala.
  8. ^ أ ب Located near Ati.[3]
  9. ^ Mahamat Gadaï is said in one girgam to have been defeated and killed by the French at Mulabis.[7] The Lake Fitri region was occupied and colonized by France in May 1909.[1]
  10. ^ Son of Djourab Saxaïr (Jurab al-Saghir)
  11. ^ Hagenbucher states that Hassan Absakine was a son of Tschéroma Abdallah, a nephew of Mahamat Balkashé.[3]

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث Azevedo, Mario J.; Decalo, Samuel (2018). Historical Dictionary of Chad (in الإنجليزية). Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 119–120, 394. ISBN 979-8-216-20783-2.
  2. ^ Barth, Heinrich (1857). Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa: Being a Journal of an Expedition Undertaken under the Auspices of H.B.M.'s Government, in the Years 1849–1855 (in الإنجليزية). Longmans. p. 265.
  3. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض Hagenbucher, F. (1968). "Notes sur les Bilala du fitri" (PDF). Cahiers ORSTOM: Sciences humaines (in الإنجليزية). 5 (4): 50–51. Archived from the original on 2005-10-16. Retrieved 2025-11-17.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  4. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د Palmer, Richmond (2019) [1928]. "V(b).–Origin of the Bulala Kings of Fitri According to the Manuscript of Sarkin Gulfei". Sudanese Memoirs: Being Mainly Translations of a Number of Arabic Manuscripts Relating to the Central and Western Sudan (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-60370-9.
  5. ^ أ ب Lionel, Bedoum (2023-10-23). "Le Sultan du Fitri sa majesté Tchoroma Hassane Absakine, est allé se recueillir sur la tombe du feu président Maréchal du Tchad Idriss Déby Itno. - Tchad24 TV" (in الفرنسية). Retrieved 2025-11-16.
  6. ^ أ ب ت Yakan, Mohamad (2017). "Bilala". Almanac of African Peoples and Nations (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-28930-6.
  7. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش Palmer, Richmond (2019) [1928]. "III.–Bulala Girgam: Their Well-Established Descent from the Arabs of Yaman as Recorded". Sudanese Memoirs: Being Mainly Translations of a Number of Arabic Manuscripts Relating to the Central and Western Sudan (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-60370-9.
  8. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Palmer, Richmond (2019) [1928]. "VI.–The War Between the Bulala and Saifawa". Sudanese Memoirs: Being Mainly Translations of a Number of Arabic Manuscripts Relating to the Central and Western Sudan (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-60370-9.
  9. ^ أ ب Palmer, Richmond (2019) [1928]. Sudanese Memoirs: Being Mainly Translations of a Number of Arabic Manuscripts Relating to the Central and Western Sudan (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-429-60922-0.
  10. ^ أ ب ت Lange, Dierk (1984). "The kingdoms and peoples of Chad". In Niane, Djibril Tamsir (ed.). General history of Africa, IV: Africa from the twelfth to the sixteenth century (in الإنجليزية). University of California. pp. 258–263. ISBN 978-92-3-101710-0.
  11. ^ أ ب ت Palmer, Richmond (1926). History Of The First Twelve Years Of The Reign Of Mai Idris Alooma Of Bornu (1571–1583) (Fartua, Ahmed Ibn). pp. 113–116.
  12. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ Barth, Heinrich (1857). Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa: Being a Journal of an Expedition Undertaken under the Auspices of H.B.M.'s Government, in the Years 1849–1855 (in الإنجليزية). Longmans. pp. 638–643.
  13. ^ Lange, Dierk (2012). "Dunama Dibbalemi". Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
  14. ^ أ ب Dewière, Rémi (2024), "The Kanem and Borno Sultanates (11th–19th Centuries)", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History, Oxford University Press, pp. 7, 13, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.1147, ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4 
  15. ^ Conte, Edouard (1991). "Herders, Hunters and Smiths: Mobile Populations in the History of Kanem". Herders, Warriors, And Traders: Pastoralism In Africa. Routledge. pp. 226, 234. ISBN 9780429045615.
  16. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Palmer, Richmond (2019) [1928]. "V.–The Bulala Secession from the Mais of Kanem". Sudanese Memoirs: Being Mainly Translations of a Number of Arabic Manuscripts Relating to the Central and Western Sudan (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-60370-9.
  17. ^ أ ب ت Palmer, Richmond (2019) [1928]. "V(a).–List of Bulala Mais of Kanem". Sudanese Memoirs: Being Mainly Translations of a Number of Arabic Manuscripts Relating to the Central and Western Sudan (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-60370-9.
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