ألفرد هارمزورث

لمعلومات عن his father, the British barrister، انظر Alfred Harmsworth (barrister).
The Right Honourable

The Viscount Northcliffe
Photograph by Gertrude Käsebier (1908)
Member of the House of Lords
Lord Temporal
في المنصب
4 January 1906 – 14 August 1922
سبقهPeerage created
خلـَفهPeerage extinct
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد
Alfred Charles William Harmsworth

(1865-07-15)15 يوليو 1865
Chapelizod, County Dublin, Ireland
توفي14 أغسطس 1922(1922-08-14) (aged 57)
Carlton House Gardens, London, England
الزوج
​
​
(m. 1888)​
الأنجال4 (illegitimate)
الوالدانAlfred Harmsworth
Geraldine Maffett
الأقاربThe 1st Baron Harmsworth (brother)
The 1st Viscount Rothermere (brother)
Sir Leicester Harmsworth (brother)
Sir Hildebrand Harmsworth (brother)
St John Harmsworth (brother)
التعليمStamford School
الوظيفةPublisher

ألفريد تشارلز ويليام هارمسورث (بالإنجليزية: Alfred Charles William Harmsworth) (عاش بين 15 يوليو 1856 في دبلن - 14 أغسطس 1922 م في لندن) أحد النبلاء الإنجليزيين ومن ملاك الصحف الإخبارية الناجحين.

ألفريد هارمسورث

نشأ هارمسورث فقيرا واشتغل كصحافي حر في بداياته. بعد تلقيه تعليما في مدرسة ستامفورد، استطاع ألفريد أن يصعد في مهنته حتى أصبح محررا لعدد من الصحف المختلفة، ثم قرر بعدها أن ينشأ صحيفته الخاصة به والتي أطلق عليها اسم "أجوبة للمراسلين" في البداية، ثم اختصر الاسم إلى "أجوبة". كانت هذه الصحيفة تصدر إسبوعيا وتحتوي على معلومات من مجالات مختلفة. ونتيجة لموهبته في معرفة ذوق العامة، لاقت صحيفة هارمسورث نجاجا لا بأس به، ثم شاركه أخوه هارولد والذي ساعد في تقدم الصحيفة بمهاراته في إدارة الأعمال. ثم ما لبث ألفريد أن أنشأ عدد من الصحف الدورية غير المكلفة.

الوفاة

Lord Northcliffe circa 1921 driving a Fordson tractor at Henry Ford's farm near Dearborn, Michigan, U.S. Northcliffe was on a world tour at the time, trying to recover his health, but he died in 1922. He had been closely involved in the purchase of Fordson tractors by the British government during the First World War.
Monument to Northcliffe at St Dunstan-in-the-West

Lord Northcliffe's health declined during 1921 due mainly to a streptococcal infection. His mental health collapsed; he acted like a madman but historians say it was a physical malady.[1] He went on a world tour to revive himself, but it failed to do so. He died of endocarditis[2] in his London house, No. 1 Carlton House Gardens, on 14 August 1922.[3] He left three months' pay to each of his six thousand employees. The viscountcy, barony, and baronetcy of Northcliffe became extinct.

A monument to Northcliffe at St Dunstan-in-the-West, Fleet Street, London, was unveiled in 1930. The obelisk was designed by Edwin Lutyens and the bronze bust is by Kathleen Scott. His body was buried at East Finchley Cemetery in North London.

الذكرى

Historian Ian Christopher Fletcher states:

Northcliffe's drive for success and respectability found its main outlet in the commercial world of journalism, not the political world the parties and parliaments. Perhaps his greatest accomplishment, underlying the relentless acquisition of newspapers and perfection of their "copy", was the simple incorporation of millions of readers into his press empire.[4]

A. J. P. Taylor, however, says, "Northcliffe could destroy when he used the news properly. He could not step into the vacant place. He aspired to power instead of influence, and as a result forfeited both."[5]

P. P. Catterall and Colin Seymour-Ure conclude that:

More than anyone [he] ... shaped the modern press. Developments he introduced or harnessed remain central: broad contents, exploitation of advertising revenue to subsidize prices, aggressive marketing, subordinate regional markets, independence from party control.[6]

According to Piers Brendon:

Northcliffe's methods made the Mail the most successful newspaper hitherto seen in the history of journalism. But by confusing gewgaws with pearls, by selecting the paltry at the expense of the significant, by confirming atavistic prejudices, by oversimplifying the complex, by dramatizing the humdrum, by presenting stories as entertainment and by blurring the difference between news and views, Northcliffe titillated, if he did not debouch, the public mind; he polluted, if he did not poison, the wells of knowledge.[7]

The A. Harmsworth Glacier in North Greenland was named by Robert Peary in his honour. (Northcliffe had provided a ship for the expedition.)

Northcliffe lived for a time at 31 Pandora Road, West Hampstead; this site is now marked with an English Heritage blue plaque.

تصويرات ثقافية

Northcliffe was the subject of a number of fictionalized portrayals. One of the earliest was the character of Mr. Whelpdale in George Gissing's 1891 novel New Grub Street. Whelpdale publishes a magazine called Chit-Chat (similar to Northcliffe's Answers), which is aimed at "the quarter-educated; that is to say the great new generation that is being turned out by the Board Schools, the young men and women who can just read, but are incapable of sustained attention".[8]

Arnold Bennett's 1909 West End play What the Public Wants centers on Sir Charles Worgan, a profit-hungry media baron based on Northcliffe. J. B. Fagan's 1910 play The Earth features a satirical version of Northcliffe, Sir Felix Janion, who uses sexual blackmail to prevent the passing of a bill which would provide a minimum wage for his employees.[8]

Promotion of Group Settlement Scheme

Throughout his newspaper career Northcliffe promoted the ideas which resulted in the Group Settlement Scheme. The scheme promised land in Western Australia to British settlers prepared to emigrate and develop the land. A town founded specifically to assist the new settlements was named Northcliffe, in recognition of Lord Northcliffe's promotion of the scheme.

الأعمال

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ Brendon 2003, pp. 53–62.
  2. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Grdn2022
  3. ^ Wilson, A. N. (2005). "12: Chief". After the Victorians. Hutchinson. pp. 191–192. ISBN 978-0-09-179484-2. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  4. ^ Ian Christopher Fletcher, "Northcliffe, Lord" in Fred M. Leventhal, ed., Twentieth-century Britain: an encyclopedia (Garland, 1995), pp. 573–574.
  5. ^ A. J. P. Taylor, English History 1914-1945 (1965), p. 27.
  6. ^ P. P. Catterall and Colin Seymour-Ure, "Northcliffe, Viscount". in John Ramsden, ed. The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century British Politics (2002), p. 475.
  7. ^ Piers Brendon, Eminent Edwardians: Four figures who defined their age: Northcliffe, Balfour, Pankhurst, Baden-Powell (1979), pp. 25–26.
  8. ^ أ ب Roberts 2022.

المصادر

للاستزادة

  • Bingham, Adrian. "The Daily Mail and the First World War" History Today (Dec 2013) 63#12 pp 1–8.
  • Brendon, Piers. Eminent Edwardians (Secker & Warburg, 1979) ISBN 978-0436068102
  • Carson, William English. ''Northcliffe, Britain's man of power (1918) online
  • Chalaby, Jean K. "‘Smiling Pictures Make People Smile’: Northcliffe's journalism." Media History 6.1 (2000): 33-44.
  • Ferris, Paul, The house of Northcliffe; a biography of an empire (1972) online
  • Gollin, A. M. "Lord Northcliffe's Change of Course." Journalism Quarterly 39.1 (1962): 46–52. From journalism to political power in 1903
  • Koss, Stephen. The rise and fall of the political press in Britain Vol. 2: the Twentieth Century (1984).
  • McEwen, John M. "Northcliffe and Lloyd George at War, 1914-1918." Historical Journal 24.3 (1981): 651–672. Says Lloyd George had real power; that of Northcliffe was an illusion.
  • Macnair, R. Lord Northcliffe A Study (1927) online
  • Pound, Reginald, and Geoffrey Harmsworth. Northcliffe (Cassell, 1959). online
  • Startt, James D. "Northcliffe the Imperialist: The Lesser-Known Years, 1902–1914." The Historian 51.1 (1988): 19–41. Covers his emphasis on tariff reform, the importance of Canada to the British Empire, and British naval supremacy.
  • Sullivan, March (سبتمبر 1922). "Northcliffe: Living, Dying, Dead". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XLIV: 648–654. Retrieved 4 أغسطس 2009.
  • Thompson, J. Lee. Press Barons in Politics 1865–1922 (London, 1996).
  • Thompson, J. Lee. "‘To Tell the People of America the Truth’: Lord Northcliffe in the US, Unofficial British Propaganda, June–November 1917." Journal of Contemporary History 34.2 (1999): 243–262.
  • Thompson, J. Lee. Politicians, the Press, and Propaganda: Lord Northcliffe and the Great War, 1914-1919 (2000)
  • White, William. "Lord Northcliffe and World War I." Journalism Quarterly 34.2 (1957): 208–216. He was intensely anti-German before and during the war.

وصلات خارجية

اقرأ اقتباسات ذات علاقة بألفرد هارمزورث، في معرفة الاقتباس.
Peerage of the United Kingdom
منصب مستحدث Viscount Northcliffe
1918–1922 		Extinct
Baron Northcliffe
1906–1922
عضو مجلس اللوردات
(1906–1922)
Baronetage of the United Kingdom
منصب مستحدث Baronet
of Elmwood
1904–1922 		Extinct
سبقه
Goulding baronets
Harmsworth baronets
of Elmwood
23 August 1904 		تبعه
Kimber baronets
الكلمات الدالة:
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