تاريخ السينما

منذ أن ظهرت السينما قبل أكثر من مائة عام وعجلة التطوير تلاحقها. ففي عام 1927 دخل الصوت على الأفلام الصامتة وسُمعت أصوات الممثلين لأول مرة عندما تم عرض فيلم «مغني الجاز»، تبعته الألوان لتزيح الأبيض والأسود عن طريقها مسجلة قفزة أخرى عملاقة في صناعة السينما. توالت الإضافات والابتكارات والتي كان للمؤثرات البصرية الرقمية نصيب الأسد فيها مؤخراً.

Eadweard Muybridge's The Horse in Motion cabinet cards utilized the technique of chronophotography to study motion.

An Anschütz electrotachyscope

عصر الحداثة (ع1890 – مطلع ع1900)

Advances towards projection

Roundhay Garden Scene (1888) by Louis Le Prince

الولايات المتحدة: The Edison Company and Edwin S. Porter

Continued international growth (1900s–1910s)

New film producing countries

Italian epic film Cabiria

1920s

Golden years of German cinema, Hollywood triumphant

At the start of the First World War, French and Italian cinema had been the most globally popular. The war came as a devastating interruption to European film industries.

1930s

Sound era

Don Juan is the first feature-length film to use the Vitaphone sound-on-disc sound system with a synchronized musical score and sound effects, though it has no spoken dialogue.

Creative impact of sound

A theatrical release poster for The Wizard of Oz (1939). — *The Wizard of Oz*

1950s

Poster for the 1956 Egyptian film *Wakeful Eyes* starring Salah Zulfikar and Shadia

1960s

ع2020

جائجة كوفيد-19

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the closure of film theaters around the world in response to lockdowns. Many films stated to release in the early 2020s faced delays, with others released on streaming services with little or no theatrical window. The era witnessed a profound transformation in how films are produced, distributed, and consumed globally. The pandemic led to a rapid acceleration in the shift towards streaming, as a primary means of film distribution. The film industry adapted and produced notable works that reflected changing dynamics of the era.

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

للاستزادة

Abel, Richard. The Cine Goes to Town: French Cinema 1896–1914. University of California Press, 1998.
Acker, Ally. Reel Women: Pioneers of the Cinema, 1896 to the Present. London: B.T. Batsford, 1991.
Robert C. Allen, Douglas Gomery: Film History. Theory and Practice, New York: Alfred Knopf, 1985
Barr, Charles. All our yesterdays: 90 years of British cinema (British Film Institute, 1986).
Basten, Fred E. Glorious Technicolor: The Movies' Magic Rainbow. AS Barnes & Company, 1980.
Bowser, Eileen. The Transformation of Cinema 1907–1915 (History of the American Cinema, Vol. 2) Charles Scribner's Sons, 1990.
Rawlence, Christopher (1990). The Missing Reel: The Untold Story of the Lost Inventor of Moving Pictures. Charles Atheneum. ISBN 978-0689120688.
Cook, David A. A History of Narrative Film, 2nd edition. New York: W. W. Norton, 1990.
Cousins, Mark. The Story of Film: A Worldwide History, New York: Thunder's Mouth press, 2006.
Dixon, Wheeler Winston and Gwendolyn Audrey Foster. A Short History of Film, 2nd edition. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2013.
Hennefeld, Maggie (December 2016). "Death from Laughter, Female Hysteria, and Early Cinema". differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies. Duke University Press. 27 (3): 45–92. doi:10.1215/10407391-3696631.
King, Geoff. New Hollywood Cinema: An Introduction. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.
Kolker, Robert Phillip (2009). The Altering Eye: Contemporary International Cinema. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers. doi:10.11647/OBP.0002. ISBN 9781906924034.
Landry, Marcia. British Genres: Cinema and Society, 1930–1960 (1991)
Merritt, Greg. Celluloid Mavericks: A History of American Independent Film. Thunder's Mouth Press, 2001.
Munslow, Alun (December 2007). "Film and history: Robert A. Rosenstone and History on Film/Film on History". Rethinking History. 4 (11): 565–575. doi:10.1080/13642520701652103. S2CID 145006358.
Musser, Charles (1990). The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-18413-3.
Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey, ed. The Oxford History of World Cinema. Oxford University Press, 1999.
Parkinson, David. History of Film. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1995. ISBN 0-500-20277-X
Rocchio, Vincent F. Reel Racism. Confronting Hollywood's Construction of Afro-American Culture. Westview Press, 2000.
Sargeant, Amy. British Cinema: A Critical History (2008).
Schrader, Paul. "Notes on Film Noir". Film Comment, 1984.
Steele, Asa (February 1911). "The Moving-Picture Show: ... How The Films Are Made, Who Writes The 'Plots', Who Censors The Plays, And What It All Costs". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XXI: 14018–14032. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
Tsivian, Yuri. Silent Witnesses: Russian Films 1908–1919 British Film Institute, 1989.
Unterburger, Amy L. The St. James Women Filmmakers Encyclopedia: Women on the Other Side of the Camera. Visible Ink Press, 1999.
Usai, P.C. & Codelli, L. (editors) Before Caligari: German Cinema, 1895–1920 Edizioni Biblioteca dell'Immagine, 1990.

وصلات خارجية

Cinema: From 1890 To Now
What is a Camera Obscura?
An Introduction to Early cinema^[Usurped!]
Origins of Cinema Documentary
History of Film Formats
Film Sound History at FilmSound.org
List of Early Sound Films 1894–1929 at Silent Era website
Early History of Wide Films – American Cinematographer, January 1930
Hollywood Movies History
Technicolor History
A Brief, Early History of Computer Graphics in Film
The History of the Discovery of Cinematography Archived 2020-10-05 at the Wayback Machine An Illustrated Chronology by Paul Burns