خراسان
Khorasan
خراسان بزرگ | |
|---|---|
Region | |
Khorasan and neighbouring regions | |
Khorasan and its surroundings in the 7th and 8th centuries | |
| Countries in Khorasan | Afghanistan, Iran and Turkmenistan.[1] Different regions of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan are also included in different sources. |
| صفة المواطن | Khorasani |
| Ethnicities: Persians, Tajiks, Farsiwans, Turkmens, Uzbeks, Pashtuns, Hazaras | |
خراسان (تعرف باللغة الفارسية، خراسان بزرگ) منطقة جغرافية واسعة.[2][3][4] من الناحية التاريخية: يشمل إقليم «خراسان الإسلامي» شمال غرب أفغانستان (مثل مدينة هراة) وأجزاء من جنوب تركمانستان، إضافة لمقاطعة خراسان الحالية في إيران. من مدنه التاريخية: حيرات ونيسابور وطوس (تعرف باسم مشهد اليوم) وبلخ ومرو. وكان إقليم خراسان الساساني أصغر حجماً من خراسان الإسلامية. فقد كان يمتد من شرق لوكانيا (جرجان) حتى نهر المرغاب.
The extent of the region referred to as Khorasan varied over time. In its stricter historical sense, it comprised the present territories of northeastern Iran, parts of Afghanistan and southern parts of Central Asia, extending as far as the Amu Darya (Oxus) river. However, the name has often been used in a loose sense to include a wider region that included most of Transoxiana (encompassing Bukhara and Samarqand in present-day Uzbekistan),[5] extended westward to the Caspian coast[6] and to the Dasht-e Kavir[7] southward to Sistan,[8][7] and eastward to the Pamir Mountains.[7][6] Greater Khorasan is today sometimes used to distinguish the larger historical region from the former Khorasan Province of Iran (1906–2004), which roughly encompassed the western portion of the historical Greater Khorasan.[9]
In recent scholarship, Greater Khorasan refers to an extensive interaction sphere in Central Asia during the Middle and Late Bronze Age. The emergence of complex societies during this period is observed especially during 2400–1500 BCE in southern Central Asia. Thus, the rise of the Greater Khorasan Civilization (GKC) of Bronze Age is being considered.[10]
But this interaction sphere of Central Asia goes back even further as far as the early fourth millennium BCE, for example at important sites such as Tepe Hissar in northeastern Iran.[11]
The name Khorāsān is Persian (from Middle Persian Xwarāsān, sp. xwlʾsʾn', meaning "where the sun arrives from" or "the Eastern Province").[12][13] The name was first given to the eastern province of Persia (Ancient Iran) during the Sasanian Empire[14] and was used from the late Middle Ages in distinction to neighbouring Transoxiana.[15][16][17] The Sassanian name Xwarāsān has in turn been argued to be a calque of the Bactrian name of the region, Miirosan (Bactrian spelling: μιιροσανο,[18] μιροσανο, earlier μιυροασανο), which had the same meaning 'sunrise, east' (corresponding to a hypothetical Proto-Iranian form *miθrāsāna;[19] see Mithra, Bactrian μιυρο [mihr],[20] for the relevant solar deity). The province was often subdivided into four quarters, such that Nishapur (present-day Iran), Marv (present-day Turkmenistan), Herat and Balkh (present-day Afghanistan) were the centers, respectively, of the westernmost, northernmost, central, and easternmost quarters.[5]
Khorasan was first established as an administrative division in the 6th century (approximately after 520) by the Sasanians, during the reign of Kavad I (ح. 488–496, 498/9–531) or Khosrow I (ح. 531–579),[21] and comprised the eastern and northeastern parts of the empire. The use of Bactrian Miirosan 'the east' as an administrative designation under Alkhan rulers in the same region is possibly the forerunner of the Sasanian administrative division of Khurasan,[22][23][24] occurring after their takeover of Hephthalite territories south of the Oxus. The transformation of the term and its identification with a larger region is thus a development of the late Sasanian and early Islamic periods. Early Islamic usage often regarded everywhere east of Jibal or what was subsequently termed Iraq Ajami (Persian Iraq), as being included in a vast and loosely defined region of Khorasan, which might even extend to the Indus Valley and the Pamir Mountains. The boundary between these two was the region surrounding the cities of Gurgan and Qumis. In particular, the Ghaznavids, Seljuqs and Timurids divided their empires into Iraqi and Khorasani regions. Khorasan is believed to have been bounded in the southwest by desert and the town of Tabas, known as "the Gate of Khorasan",[25] from which it extended eastward to the mountains of central Afghanistan.[6][7] Sources from the 10th century onwards refer to areas in the south of the Hindu Kush as the Khorasan Marches, forming a frontier region between Khorasan and Hindustan.[26][27]
الجغرافيا
First established in the 6th century as one of four administrative (military) divisions by the Sasanian Empire,[28] the scope of the region has varied considerably during its nearly 1,500-year history. Initially, the Khorasan division of the Sasanian Empire covered the northeastern military gains of the empire, at its height including cities such as Nishapur, Herat, Merv, Faryab, Taloqan, Balkh, Bukhara, Badghis, Abiward, Gharjistan, Tus and Sarakhs.[8]
With the rise of the Umayyad Caliphate, the designation was inherited and likewise stretched as far as their military gains in the east, starting off with the military installations at Nishapur and Merv, slowly expanding eastwards into Tokharistan and Sogdia. Under the Caliphs, Khorasan was the name of one of the three political zones under their dominion (the other two being Eraq-e Arab "Arabic Iraq" and Eraq-e Ajam "Non-Arabic Iraq or Persian Iraq").[citation needed] Under the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, Khorasan was divided into four major sections or quarters (rub′), each section based on a single major city: Nishapur, Merv, Herat and Balkh.[29] By the 10th century, Ibn Khordadbeh and the Hudud al-'Alam mentions what roughly encompasses the previous regions of Abarshahr, Tokharistan and Sogdia as Khwarasan proper. They further report the southern part of the Hindu Kush, i.e. the regions of Sistan, Rukhkhudh, Zabulistan and Kabul etc. to make up the Khorasan marches, a frontier region between Khorasan and Hindustan.[30][26][7]

By the late Middle Ages, the term lost its administrative significance, in the west only being loosely applied among the Turko-Persian dynasties of modern Iran to all its territories that lay east and north-east of the Dasht-e Kavir desert. It was therefore subjected to constant change, as the size of their empires changed. In the east, Khwarasan likewise became a term associated with the great urban centers of Central Asia. It is mentioned in the Baburnama (from the 1580s) that:
The people of Hindustān call every country beyond their own Khorasān, in the same manner as the Arabs term all except Arabia, Ajem. On the road between Hindustān and Khorasān, there are two great marts: the one Kābul, the other Kandahār. Caravans, from Ferghāna, Tūrkestān, Samarkand, Balkh, Bokhāra, Hissār, and Badakhshān, all resort to Kābul; while those from Khorasān repair to Kandahār. This country lies between Hindustān and Khorasān.[27]
In modern times, the term has been source of great nostalgia and nationalism, especially amongst the Tajiks of Central Asia.[citation needed] Many Tajiks regard Khorasan as an integral part of their national identity, which has preserved an interest in the term, including its meaning and cultural significance, both in common discussion and academia, despite its falling out of political use in the region.[31]
According to Afghan historian Ghulam Mohammad Ghobar (1897–1978), Afghanistan's current Persian-speaking territories formed the major portion of Khorasān,[32] as two of the four main capitals of Khorasān (Herat and Balkh) are now located in Afghanistan. Ghobar uses the terms "Proper Khorasan" and "Improper Khorasan" in his book to distinguish between the usage of Khorasān in its strict sense and its usage in a loose sense. According to him, Proper Khorasan contained regions lying between Balkh in the east, Merv in the north, Sistan in the south, Nishapur in the west and Herat, known as the Pearl of Khorasan, in the center. Improper Khorasan's boundaries extended to as far as Hazarajat and Kabul in the east, Baluchistan in the south, Transoxiana and Khwarezm in the north, and Damghan and Gorgan in the west.[32]

تاريخ




سقوط خراسان في أيدي التتار
رسالة ياقوت الحموي في وصف سقوط خراسان سنة 617هـ
قال ابن خلكان في ترجمة ياقوت (وفيات الأعيان ص 861)
وذكر القاضي الأكرم جمال الدين أبو الحسن علي بن يوسف بن إبراهيم بن عبد الواحد الشيباني القفطي، وزير صاحب حلب، في كتابه الذي سماه " إنباه الرواة على أنباه النحاة" أن ياقوتاً المذكور كتب إليه رسالة من الموصل إليها هارباً من التتر، يصف فيها حاله وما جرى له معهم، وهي بعد البسملة والحمدلة: " كان المملوك ياقوت بن عبد الله الحموي قد كتب هذه الرسالة من الموصل في سنة سبع عشرة وستمائة، وحين وصوله من خوارزم طريد التتر، أبادهم الله تعالى، إلى حضرة مالك رقه الوزير جمال الدين القاضي الأكرم أبي الحسن علي بن يوسف بن إبراهيم بن عبد الواحد الشيباني، ثم التيمي تيم بني شيبان بن ثعلبة بن عكابة، أسبغ الله عليه ظله، وأعلى في درج السيادة محله، وهو يومئذ وزير صاحب حلب والعواصم، شرحاً لأحوال خراسان وأحواله، وإيماء إلى بدء أمره بعد ما فارقه ومآله، وأحجم عن عرضها على رأيه الشريف إعظاماً وتهيباً، وفراراً من قصورها عن طوله وتجنباً، إلى أن وقف عليها جماعة من منتحلي النظم والنثر، فوجدهم مسارعين إلى كتبها، متهافتين على نقلها، وما يشك أن محاسن مالك الرق حلتها، وفي أعلى درج الإحسان أحلتها، فشجعه ذلك على عرضها على مولاه، وللآراء علوها في تصفحها، والصفح عن زللها، فليس كل من لمس درهماً صيرفياً، ولا كل من اقتنى داراً جوهرياً. وها هي ذه:
ونقل اليافعي طرفا من هذه الرسالة في ترجمة ياقوت في كتابه (مرآة الجنان) وقال: (وهذا ما اقتصرت عليه من رسالته الطويلة الجليلة الفائقة الجميلة المؤذنة له بتمام البلاغة والفضيلة، وهو نحو من ربعها، وهو لعمري فيما يستحقه من النعوت. من نفيس الجواهر كاسمه ياقوت)
السكان
غالبية سكان الإقليم هم من الفرس والبشتون والبلوش مع وجود للترك في الأقسام الشمالية. وقبل دخول الإسلام كان الإقليم مركزاً للديانة المجوسية وخصوصاً في بلخ في أفغانستان، وعند تجذر الإسلام في المنطقة اعتنق عامة الخرسانيين الإسلام حيث كانوا في الغالب من السنة الشافعية، وبعض الحنفية. في حين توجد الشيعة في الإقليم أيضاً وقد تركزوا في مدينة طوس وما جاورها (تعرف باسم مشهد حالياً). ثم بعد حكم الصفويين، اعتنق معظم سكان القسم الإيراني المذهب الشيعي. في حين أنه لا تزال هناك مجموعات سنية كبيرة في الإقليم خاصة في الشرق (على حدود أفغانستان) وفي الشمال (على حدود تركمانستان). انظر سكان إيران. أما في أفغانستان وتركمانستان فيسود المذهب السني الحنفي مع وجود للشيعة في مدينة هيرات الأفغانية.
الجغرافيا

التاريخ

العصر القديم
عصر القرون الوسطى
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العصر الحديث


الأهمية الثقافية

أعلام
- أبو الحسين النوري
- أبو جعفر الرازي
- أبو سعد الإدريسي
- أبو قاسم الفردوسي
- أستاذ سيس
- أنوري الأبيوردي
- ابن سينا
- الجلدكي
- الضحاك بن مزاحم
- الفرخي السيستاني
- المظفر الاسفزاري
- بوربها
- حسن هاشمي
- خالد بن يزيد البغدادي
- رابعة بنت كعب
- سيف الدين الباخرزي
- شمس الدين محمد الجويني
- عبد الرحمن بن نعيم
- عبد الرضا كاهاني
- عطاء الخراساني
- علي الفصيحي
- محمد قهرمان
- مقاتل بن سليمان
- نائلة بنت الفرافصة
معرض الصور
انظر أيضا
المصادر
- ^ Sistan and Khorasan Travelogue Page 48
- ^ "42 Buddhist relics discovered in Logar".
- ^ "KHORASAN i. ETHNIC GROUPS".
- ^ Humbach, Helmut, and Djelani Davari, "Nāmé Xorāsān", Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Persian translation by Djelani Davari, published in Iranian Languages Studies Website Archived 2013-10-19 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ أ ب Minorsky, V. (1938). "Geographical Factors in Persian Art". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, 9(3), 621–652.
- ^ أ ب ت "Khorasan". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2010-10-21.
historical region and realm comprising a vast territory now lying in northeastern Iran, southern Turkmenistan, and northern Afghanistan. The historical region extended, along the north, from the Amu Darya westward to the Caspian Sea and, along the south, from the fringes of the central Iranian deserts eastward to the mountains of central Afghanistan. Arab geographers even spoke of its extending to the boundaries of India.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج Lambton, Ann K.S. (1988). Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia: Aspects of Administrative, Economic and Social History, 11th–14th Century. Columbia Lectures on Iranian Studies. New York, NY: Bibliotheca Persica. p. 404.
In the early centuries of Islam, Khurasan generally included all the Muslim provinces east of the Great Desert. In this larger sense, it included Transoxiana, Sijistan and Quhistan. Its Central Asian boundary was the Chinese desert and the Pamirs, while its Indian boundary lay along the Hindu Kush toward India.
- ^ أ ب Bosworth, C.E. (1986). Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 5, Khe – Mahi (New ed.). Leiden [u.a.]: Brill [u.a.] pp. 55–59. ISBN 90-04-07819-3.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةDabeersiaghi - ^ Kroll, Sonja; Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio; Lhuillier, Johanna; Luneau, Élise; Kaniuth, Kai; Teufer, Mike; Mustafakulov, Samariddin; Khasanov, Mutalib; Vinogradova, Natalia; Avanesova, Nona; Fiorillo, Denis; Tengberg, Margareta; Sharifi, Arash; Bon, Céline; Bosch, Delphine; Mashkour, Marjan (2022). "Mobility and land use in the Greater Khorasan Civilization: Isotopic approaches (87Sr/86Sr, δ18O) on human populations from southern Central Asia". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 46 103622. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103622. Retrieved 2025-12-15.
- ^ Moradi, Neda; Fazeli Nashli, Hassan; Yousefi Zoshk, Rouhollah; Fazeli Nashli, Hassan (2024). "Tepe Hissar in the Fourth Millennium BCE". Journal of Archaeology and Archaeometry. 3: 17 pages. doi:10.71647/JAA.2024.1188464. ISSN 2980-9630. Retrieved 2025-12-15.
{{cite journal}}: Check|doi=value (help) - ^ Sykes, M. (1914). "Khorasan: The Eastern Province of Persia". Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, 62(3196), 279–286.
- ^ A compound of khwar (meaning "sun") and āsān (from āyān, literally meaning "to come" or "coming" or "about to come"). Thus the name Khorasan (or Khorāyān خورآيان) means "sunrise", viz. "Orient, East". Humbach, Helmut, and Djelani Davari, "Nāmé Xorāsān" Archived 2011-01-02 at the Wayback Machine, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Persian translation by Djelani Davari, published in Iranian Languages Studies Website. MacKenzie, D. (1971). A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary (p. 95). London: Oxford University Press. The Persian word Khāvar-zamīn (فارسية: خاور زمین), meaning "the eastern land", has also been used as an equivalent term. DehKhoda, "Lughat Nameh DehKhoda" Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Khorāsān". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
- ^ Svat Soucek, A History of Inner Asia, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p.4
- ^ C. Edmund Bosworth, (2002), 'Central Asia iv. In the Islamic Period up to the Mongols' Encyclopaedia Iranica (online)
- ^ C. Edmund Bosworth, (2011), 'Mā Warāʾ Al-Nahr' Encyclopaedia Iranica (online)
- ^ Rezakhani, Khodadad (2019-01-01). "Miirosan to Khurasan: Huns, Alkhans, and the Creation of East Iran". Vicino Oriente. 23: 121–138. doi:10.53131/VO2724-587X2019_9.
- ^ Gholami, Saloumeh (2010), Selected Features of Bactrian Grammar (PhD thesis), University of Göttingen, p.25, 59
- ^ Sims-Williams, N. "Bactrian Language". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- ^ Schindel, Nikolaus (2013a). "Kawād I i. Reign". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XVI, Fasc. 2. pp. 136–141.
- ^ Rezakhani, Khodadad (2019-01-01). "Miirosan to Khurasan: Huns, Alkhans, and the Creation of East Iran". Vicino Oriente. 23: 121–138. doi:10.53131/VO2724-587X2019_9.
- ^ Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017-03-15). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity (in الإنجليزية). Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-0030-5.
- ^ Vondrovec, Klaus (2014). Coinage of the Iranian Huns and their Successors from Bactria to Ganhara (4th to 8th century CE). ISBN 978-3-7001-7695-4.
- ^ Sykes, P. (1906). A Fifth Journey in Persia (Continued). The Geographical Journal, 28(6), 560–587.
- ^ أ ب Minorsky, V. (1937). Hudud al-'Alam, The Regions of the World: A Persian Geography, 372 A.H. – 982 A.D. London: Oxford UP.
- ^ أ ب Zahir ud-Din Mohammad Babur (1921). "Events of the Year 910". Memoirs of Babur. Translated by John Leyden; William Erskine. Packard Humanities Institute. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
- ^ Rezakhani, K. (2017). Reorienting the Sassanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-0029-9.
- ^ DehKhoda, "Lughat Nameh DehKhoda" Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةcgie-khurasan - ^ Шакурӣ, Муҳаммадҷон (1996; 2005). Хуросон аст инҷо, Dushanbe; Shakūrī, Muḥammad (1393), Khurāsān ast īn jā, Tehran: Fartāb;
- ^ أ ب Ghubar, Mir Ghulam Mohammad (1937). Khorasan, Kabul Printing House. Kabul, Afghanistan.
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- أشخاص من خراسان
- الهضبة الإيرانية
- تاريخ أوزبكستان الجغرافي
- تاريخ تركمانستان
- تاريخ خراسان
- تاريخ طاجيكستان
- تاريخ طاجيكستان الجغرافي
- تاريخ غرب آسيا
- تاريخ فارسي
- تاريخ نيسابور
- تاريخ هرات
- تاريخ ولاية بلخ
- جغرافيا آسيا الوسطى
- جغرافية غرب آسيا
- خراسان
- مناطق أفغانستان
- مناطق أفغانستان التاريخية
- مناطق إيران
- مناطق إيران التاريخية
- ولايات أوزبكستان
- ولايات تركمانستان
- ولايات طاجيكستان