رئيس إندونيسيا
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رئيس جمهورية إندونسيا (إندونيسية: Presiden Republik Indonesia)، هو رأس الدولة ورئيس حكومة جمهورية إندونسيا. يقود الرئيس السلطة التنفيذية للحكومة الإندونيسية وهو القائد الأعلى للقوات المسلحة الوطنية الإندونيسية.
ومنذ أكتوبر 2024، أصبح پرابوو سوبيانتو الرئيس الثامن والحالي لإندونيسيا.
التاريخ
عصر سوكارنو
The Indonesian presidency was established during the formulation of the 1945 Constitution by the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK). The office was first filled on 18 August 1945, when Sukarno was elected by acclamation by the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) because, according to the Transitional Provisions of the Constitution, "the president and the vice president for the first time shall be elected by the PPKI." Also, the body responsible for the presidential elections, the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), had not yet been formed.[2] On 16 October 1945, Vice President Mohammad Hatta announced a vice-presidential decree which gave the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) legislative powers.[2] On 11 November 1945, the KNIP made the decision to separate the role of head of state from that of head of government. Although a new constitution had not been set up yet, Indonesia was now a de facto parliamentary democracy, with the president as a ceremonial head of state whose function was to ask the prime minister as the head of government to form a new cabinet.
During the Indonesian National Revolution, both Sukarno and Hatta were captured by the Dutch in Yogyakarta on 18 December 1948. Sukarno then gave a mandate for Sjafruddin Prawiranegara to form an emergency government.[3] This was done and the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) was formed in Sumatra with Prawiranegara as its chairman. Prawiranegara handed back his mandate to Sukarno on 13 July 1949.[4] On 17 December 1949, Sukarno was elected president of the United States of Indonesia (RIS), and the presidential mandate passed to Assaat.[5] When the RIS was about to be replaced by a unitary state, Asaat stepped down from the presidency, and Sukarno once again became president on 15 August 1950.
Indonesia now adopted the constitution that had been intended for RIS. Officially known as the Provisional Constitution, the document confirmed the president's role as the head of state, but it limited him to a mostly ceremonial role. He appointed a prime minister on the advice of formateurs.[6]
Despite his limited constitutional role, Sukarno commanded great moral authority. Nonetheless, he was never content with the role of ceremonial head of State, and he grew increasingly disenchanted with western-style parliamentary democracy. In the early 1950s, he began calling for the implementation of "Guided Democracy", in which decisions would be made after lengthy deliberation with a view toward achieving a consensus under presidential "guidance".
The rest of the decade saw a series of unstable governments. Taking advantage of the situation, Sukarno made a speech in April 1959 and suggested that Indonesia return to the 1945 Constitution.[7] The People reacted enthusiastically and there was strong pressure on the Constitutional Assembly, the body responsible for formulating a new constitution, to adopt the 1945 Constitution. When the assembly did not budge, Sukarno issued a presidential decree on 5 July 1959 declaring that Indonesia was returning to the 1945 Constitution.[7] That document made the president head of government as well as head of state. On 18 May 1963, the People's Consultative Assembly elected Sukarno president for life.[8]
Although Indonesia had re-adopted the 1945 Constitution, it did not mean that it was strictly adhered to. MPR, which at this stage was still on a provisional basis (MPRS), was subservient to the president despite its status of the nation's highest governing body. It was only in 1966, when the political tide began to turn against Sukarno that the MPRS nominally regained its rightful constitutional status. In 1967, Sukarno was forced to resign as president, and Army Chief of Staff Suharto was appointed as acting president.
عصر سوهارتو
Suharto was elected president in his own right in 1968. During his rise to power, Suharto seemed determined to observe at least the forms of the constitution, and this continued when he became president. Under the constitution, the MPR was responsible for formulating the Outlines of State Policy (GBHN); as president, Suharto was responsible for implementing them. Suharto also made it a presidential obligation to deliver accountability speeches near the end of his terms. During the speech, Suharto outlined the achievements that his administration had made and how those achievements had adhered to the GBHN set by the MPR. Despite the constitutional and democratic façade, Suharto made sure that the MPR was subservient to him. In 1969, a law was passed that required appointments to the MPR to be made official by the president.[9] He also took measures that largely emasculated the opposition parties. For example, he had the power to issue governmental regulations in lieu of law. Nominally, if these regulations were not approved by the House of Representatives (DPR, the pre-2004 legislative branch), they were considered revoked. However, given the DPR's infrequent sessions and the near-total dominance of the pro-government political grouping, Golkar, such approval was a mere formality. Thus, for all intents and purposes, Suharto ruled by decree for most of his tenure. For the better part of Suharto's rule, he effectively held all governing power in the nation.
عصر الإصلاح
After Suharto fell from power on 21 May 1998, the presidency experienced changes as a result of the reform movement. Compared to Suharto, who had all of his accountability speeches accepted, B. J. Habibie had his only accountability speech rejected.[10] Abdurrahman Wahid became the first president who had to beat another candidate to be elected, as Sukarno and Suharto had been sole candidates. As a result, Wahid was also the first president to be elected through counting votes instead of by acclamation. However, Wahid was impeached and removed from office by the MPR. This was a clear sign that while the presidency is the key institution, the MPR was now a check on the president's power. Wahid was replaced by his vice-president, Megawati Sukarnoputri, daughter of Sukarno and former opposition leader during Suharto's presidency.[11]
During the 2001 MPR Annual Session, the constitution was amended to provide for the direct election of the president beginning with 2004.[12] In response to Sukarno and Suharto's abuses of power, other amendments passed at that session hedged the presidency about with numerous checks and balances to prevent another president from completely dominating the system. For example, the president was limited to two terms, whether successive or separated. They also lost the right to legislate, but could propose legislation. In the 2004 Indonesian presidential election, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono became Indonesia's first directly-elected president, beating incumbent Megawati Sukarnoputri in the run-off election. He was re-elected in 2009. In 2014, Yudhoyono finished his second presidential term and was barred from seeking re-election.
The 2014 Indonesian presidential election was held on 9 July 2014 and matched former general and Suharto's ex-son in law Prabowo Subianto against the governor of Jakarta, Joko Widodo. On 22 July, the General Elections Commission announced Joko Widodo's victory. He and his vice-president, Jusuf Kalla, were sworn in on 20 October for a five-year term.
الرئاسة
متطلبات الترشح للمنصب
دستور 1945: يجب على المرشح لمنصب الرئيس أن يكون إندونيسي الأصل.
الدستور المؤقت: على المرشح الرئاسي أن يكون مواطناً إندونيسياً لا يقل عمره عن 30 عاماً. لا يمكن أن يكون المرشح الرئاسي شخصاً غير مرغوب فيه أو ليس من حقه المشاركة في الانتخابات. كما يجب ألا يكون مرتبط بأي مؤسسات أخرى. الشخص الذي يعتبر غير مرغوب فيه أو من حقه في المشاركة في الانتخابات. كما أنه مطلوب من عدم المشاركة مع أي شركات خاصة.
السلطات
المساعدة في أداء الواجبات
خط الخلافة والعزل
ما بعد الرئاسة
قائمة الرؤساء
|
Note: — denotes acting president |
| No. | بورتريه | Name (Lifespan)
|
Term of office | Party | Vice president | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Election | Time in office | ||||||
| 1 |
|
Sukarno (1901–1970) |
18 August 1945 | 12 March 1967 | 1945 | 21 years, 206 days | Independent | 1 | Mohammad Hatta |
| Vacant (1 December 1956 – 12 March 1967) | |||||||||
| Declared Indonesia's independence from colonial powers. Presided during the Indonesian National Revolution and the first national elections. One of the founding fathers of the Non-Aligned Movement and hosted the 1955 Bandung Conference. Called for 'Guided Democracy' following the collapse of 10 governments during the 1950s, with Nasakom as its principal ideology. Acceded Western New Guinea. Opposed the formation of Malaysia and began Konfrontasi. Signed Supersemar in 1966 following the assassination of 6 generals. | |||||||||
| — | 
|
Suharto (1921–2008) |
12 March 1967 | 27 March 1968 | — | 1 years, 15 days | Military | Vacant | |
| Sukarno transferred key presidential powers to Suharto on 11 March 1966 in a vaguely worded letter of authority known as Supersemar and surrendered his powers on 20 February 1967, but he was not formally relieved of his presidential title by the MPRS until 12 March 1967. On 12 March 1967, the MPRS agreed to withdraw its mandate from Sukarno and remove him as president. Suharto replaced Sukarno as acting president until 27 March 1968, when he was formally elected as the second president of Indonesia. | |||||||||
| 2 | 27 March 1968 | 23 March 1973 | 1968 | 30 years, 55 days | Golkar (supported by the military) |
Vacant | |||
| 23 March 1973 | 11 March 1978 | 1973 | 2 | Hamengkubuwono IX | |||||
| 11 March 1978 | 11 March 1983 | 1978 | 3 | Adam Malik | |||||
| 11 March 1983 | 11 March 1988 | 1983 | 4 | Umar Wirahadikusumah | |||||
| 11 March 1988 | 11 March 1993 | 1988 | 5 | Sudharmono | |||||
| 11 March 1993 | 11 March 1998 | 1993 | 6 | Try Sutrisno | |||||
| 11 March 1998 | 21 May 1998 | 1998 | 7 | B. J. Habibie | |||||
| First president from a military background. The longest-serving president with an over-30-year tenure. Seized power from Sukarno through Supersemar in 1966. Declared a New Order military dictatorship. Dismantled the Communist Party of Indonesia and oversaw the mass murder and imprisonment of thousands of suspected communists throughout the archipelago. Ended Konfrontasi and initiated friendly relationships with neighbouring countries of Malaysia and Singapore, and Indonesia became a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Severed ties with China and other communist countries in the region. Incorporated Western New Guinea into Indonesia. Annexed East Timor. Oversaw great economic and infrastructural development but rampant corruption within the bureaucracy and government. Resigned following the collapse of the Indonesian economy during the 1997 Asian financial crisis and the 1998 riots. | |||||||||
| 3 | 
|
B. J. Habibie (1936–2019) |
21 May 1998 | 20 October 1999 | — | 1 years, 152 days | Golkar | Vacant | |
| First, and to date the only, president (aside from acting presidents) who was born outside of Java. First vice president to become president. Took power following Suharto's resignation. Oversaw Indonesia's democratic transition. East Timor declared independence from Indonesia. Released thousands of political prisoners. Decided not to run for a full term. | |||||||||
| 4 | 
|
Abdurrahman Wahid (1940–2009) |
20 October 1999 | 23 July 2001 | 1999 | 1 years, 276 days | PKB | Vacant (20–21 October 1999) | |
| 8 | Megawati Sukarnoputri | ||||||||
| First executive branch officer (president and vice president) to have come from a religious background. Head of Nahdlatul Ulama and grandson of its founder. Term embroiled by a number of scandals and corruption cases. Abolished all remaining legal discrimination against Chinese Indonesians. Attempts to reform the military and remove its political power were not taken kindly by military actors. Attempted to dissolve parliament, but was himself impeached and removed from office by parliament. | |||||||||
| 5 | 
|
Megawati Sukarnoputri (born 1947) |
23 July 2001 | 20 October 2004 | — | 3 years, 89 days | PDI-P | Vacant (23–26 July 2001) | |
| 9 | Hamzah Haz | ||||||||
| First female president of Indonesia and the first to be born after the proclamation of independence in 1945. Oldest daughter and second child of President Sukarno, first president born to another president. First female vice president and the first vice president to be born after 1945. Came to power following the removal of Abdurrahman Wahid. Presided during a period of economic growth. Bali was attacked by a major bombing in 2002 by Jemaah Islamiyah. Lost reelection bid to her former coordinating minister and in a later rematch. | |||||||||
| 6 | .jpg&filetimestamp=20241214183018&)
|
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (born 1949) |
20 October 2004 | 20 October 2009 | 2004 | -1994 years | Demokrat | 10 | Jusuf Kalla |
| 20 October 2009 | 20 October 2014 | 2009 | 11 | Boediono | |||||
| The first president to be directly elected by popular vote. Second president from a military background. Parts of Sumatra were devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. Jemaah Islamiyah was severely weakened following efforts by Detachment 88. Indonesia was classified as part of MINT and became a member of the G20 during his presidency. Elected to a second term in 2009. Indonesia formed the Bali Democracy Forum and became a founding member of the Open Government Partnership. He presided over consistent economic growth. During his second term, the Democratic Party was embroiled by many corruption scandals. | |||||||||
| 7 | 
|
Joko Widodo (born 1961) |
20 October 2014 | 20 October 2019 | 2014 | -2004 years | PDI-P (2014–2024) Independent (since 2024) |
12 (10) |
Jusuf Kalla |
| 20 October 2019 | 20 October 2024 | 2019 | 13 | Ma'ruf Amin | |||||
| The first president not to have emerged from the country's political elite or to have been an army general.[13] First president to have been a regional politician (mayor for about 7 years, governor for nearly 2 years) and the first to be born after the recognition of independence in December 1949. Initiated the process to move the capital of Indonesia from Jakarta to Nusantara. Elected to a second term in 2019. | |||||||||
| 8 | 
|
Prabowo Subianto (born 1951) |
20 October 2024 | Incumbent | 2024 | 1 years, 325 days | Gerindra | 14 | Gibran Rakabuming Raka |
| Retired general and former commander of the Special Forces Command (Kopassus) and Army Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad). Lost twice against his predecessor in 2014 and 2019, but was appointed as minister of defense in 2019. His 96.2 million votes are the highest received by any candidate in a democratic election in Indonesia, surpassing Joko Widodo's 85.6 million votes in 2019. First president in Indonesia's history to have a younger predecessor. The oldest president to be sworn in for the first term at age 73. Third president from a military background. | |||||||||
حسب العمر
| # | President | Born | Age at start of presidency |
Age at end of presidency |
Post-presidency timespan |
Lifespan | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| توفي | العمر | ||||||
| 1 | سوكارنو | 6 June 1901 | 44 years, 73 days 18 August 1945 |
65 years, 279 days 12 March 1967[أ] |
3 years, 101 days | 21 June 1970 | 69 years, 15 days |
| 2 | سوهارتو | 8 June 1921 | 45 years, 277 days 12 March 1967 |
76 years, 347 days 21 May 1998[ب] |
9 years, 251 days | 27 January 2008 | 86 years, 233 days |
| 3 | B. J. Habibie | 25 June 1936 | 61 years, 330 days 21 May 1998 |
63 years, 117 days 20 October 1999 |
19 years, 326 days | 11 September 2019 | 83 years, 78 days |
| 4 | Abdurrahman Wahid | 7 September 1940 | 59 years, 43 days 20 October 1999 |
60 years, 319 days 23 July 2001[أ] |
8 years, 160 days | 30 December 2009 | 69 years, 114 days |
| 5 | Megawati Sukarnoputri | 23 January 1947 | 54 years, 181 days 23 July 2001 |
57 years, 271 days 20 October 2004 |
21 years, 325 days | (living) | 79 years, 230 days |
| 6 | Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono | 9 September 1949 | 55 years, 41 days 20 October 2004 |
65 years, 41 days 20 October 2014 |
11 years, 325 days | (living) | 77 years, 1 days |
| 7 | Joko Widodo | 21 June 1961 | 53 years, 121 days 20 October 2014 |
63 years, 121 days 20 October 2024 |
1 years, 325 days | (living) | 65 years, 81 days |
| 8 | Prabowo Subianto | 17 October 1951 | 73 years, 3 days 20 October 2024 |
(incumbent) | (incumbent) | (living) | 74 years, 328 days |
انظر أيضاً
الهوامش
- ^ "Bendera Kepresidenan Bung Karno". Rakyat Merdeka (in الإندونيسية). 11 April 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
- ^ أ ب Kahin, George McTurnan (1952). Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9108-8.
- ^ "[Urangawak] Peran PDRI Akhirnya Diakui" (in الإندونيسية). Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
- ^ Djalal, Hasjim (16 August 2002). "Mengenang Dubes Palar dan Diplomasi Indonesia". Kompas (in الإندونيسية). Archived from the original on 16 March 2005. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
- ^ "91128". 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 13 April 2007.
- ^ "Undang-Undang Dasar Sementara Republik Indonesia 1950" [Provisional Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia 1950]. Constitutionof1950 (in الإندونيسية).
- ^ أ ب "Latar Belakang Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959". Detik (in الإندونيسية). 2022-09-22. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ^ Ricklefs, M.C. (2008) [1981]. A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 (4th ed.). London: MacMillan. p. 454. ISBN 978-0-230-54685-1.
- ^ "Undang-undang Nomor 16 tahun 1969 tentang Susunan dan Kedudukan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah". LawNo. 16of1969 (in الإندونيسية).
- ^ Friend, Theodore (2003) Indonesian Destinies, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 2003 ISBN 0-674-01834-6, p461
- ^ Aglionby, John (July 2001). "Special report: Indonesia and East Timor". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
- ^ "MPR dan Pemilihan Presiden Langsung". VOA News (in الإندونيسية). VOA Indonesia. 6 November 2001. Archived from the original on 25 August 2006. Retrieved 20 July 2004.
- ^ Cochrane, Joe (22 July 2014). "A Child of the Slum Rises as President of Indonesia". The New York Times.
وصلات خارجية
- (إندونيسية) Republic of Indonesia Presidential Documents, from the National Library of Indonesia
- (إندونيسية) 1945 Constitution
- (إندونيسية) Provisional Constitution
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- حكومة إندونسيا
- رؤساء إندونيسيا