ساب 2000

ساب 2000
Etihad Saab 2000 take off.jpg
طائرة ساب مملوكة لخطوط داروين الجوية تقلع من مطار دوسلدورف، عام 2014.
معلومات عامة
النوعطائرة ركب إقليمية بمحرك مروحة عنفية
الصانعساب
الحالةفي خدمة الركاب المحدودة، في الخدمة العسكرية.
العدد المنتَج63[1]
التاريخ
صُنِعت1992–1999
تاريخ التقديم30 أغسطس 1994[2]
أول رحلة26 مارس 1992
تطورت عنساب 340
تطورت إلىساب 2000 (نظام الإنذار المبكر والتحكم)

ساب 2000 (Saab 2000)، هي طائرة ركاب عالية السرعة بمحرك مروحة عنفية ثنائي بنتها شركة ساب السويدية لتصنيع الطائرات. ساب 2000 مصممة لتحمل 5058 راكب وقادرة على العبور بسرعة قصوى تبلغ 685 كم/س.[3] أُنتجت الطائرة في مصنع سابع بمدينة لنشوپنگ، السويد. حلقت لأول مرة في مارس 1992، وحصلت على شهادة الجودة عام 1994. سُلمت آخر طائرة في أبريل 1999، وبلغ إجمالي عدد الطائرات التي بُنيت 63 طائرة.[4] اعتباراً من أكتوبر 2024، بلغ إجمالي عدد طائرات ساب 2000 في الخدمة الجوية أو العسكرية 31 طائرة.[Note 1]

التطوير والتصميم

في الثمانينيات، قررت ساب بناء هيكل طائرة ممتد[5]:p.1 تصميمه مشتق من طائرة الركاب الإقليمية الناجحة ساب 340 ذات محرك المروحة العنفية المزدوج. صُممت الطائرة الجديدة لتلبية الطلب المتوقع على طائرة عالية السرعة بمحرك مروحة عنفية تتسع لخمسين مقعد، وتتميز بأداء صعود جيد، ويمكنها العمل على مسارات قصيرة ومتوسطة المدى بأوقات توقف مماثلة للطائرات النفاثة، مع الحفاظ على كفاءة المحركات العنفية. أُطلقت الطائرة الجديدة، التي تحمل اسم ساب 2000، رسمياً في مايو 1989، حيث كان لدى شركة ساب بالفعل طلبات ثابتة لنحو 46 طائرة وخيارات لـ 147 طائرة أخرى.[6] تم تجميع الطائرة في مصنع شركة ساب بمدينة لنشوپنگ، مع مقاولين فرعيين رئيسيين بما في ذلك شركة كاسا، التي بنت أجنحة الطائرة، وشركة شورت براذرز التي بنت هيكل الطائرة الخلفي، وشركة ڤالمت التي بنت أسطح ذيل الطائرة.[7] حلقت الطائرة ساب 2000 لأول مرة في 26 مارس 1992[8] ودخلت الخدمة الجوية المنتظمة في سبتمبر 1994، بعد بضعة أشهر من اعتمادها من قبل سلطات الطيران المشتركة في مارس وإدارة الطيران الفدرالية في أبريل.[9][10]

تتمتع طائرة ساب 2000 بباع جناح أكبر بنسبة 15% من ساب 340،[6] ولأنها أطول بمقدار 7.55 متراً، يمكنها حمل ما يصل إلى 58 راكباً (بينما بالنسبة للاتحاد الأوروپي، فإن سعة مقاعد الركاب القصوى المعتمدة هي 53 وفقاً لورقة بيانات شهادة النوع الصادرة عن وكالة سلامة الطيران التابعة للاتحاد الأوروپي[11]) في تصميم عالي الكثافة و50 مقعد أكثر راحة تبلع المسافة بين كل منهما 81 سم.[6][9]

كانت ساب 2000 أول طائرة تجارية تستخدم محركات المروحة العنفية اليسون 2100، والتي خُفضت قدرتها إلى 3390 كيلووط للطائرة.[12] تم تركيب محرك واحد على كل جناح، كما هو الحال في ساب 340، مع وضع المحركات بعيداً عن جسم الطائرة أكثر من محركات طراز 340 لتقليل ضوضاء المقصورة.[6]

يبلغ قطر مراوح داوتي روتول 3.81 متراً، وتتمتع بسرعة دوران بطيئة تبلغ 1100 دورة/الدقيقة عند الإقلاع و950 دورة/الدقيقة أثناء الرحلة.[13] الطائرة مصممة للعمل بسرعة قصوى تبلغ 0.62 ماخ.[14]

التاريخ العملياتي

قمرة قيادة الطائرة ساب 2000.
مقصورة الطائرة ساب 2000.

كانت مبيعات ساب 2000 محدودة نسبياً. وكان العميل الرئيسي الأول هو كروس إير، وهي شركة طيران إقليمية كانت سويس إير المساهم الأكبر فيها منذ عام 1993.[15] أطلقت شركة Crosshair على الطائرة اسم "كونكوردينو".[8] استلمت شركة الطيران 34 طائرة منذ عام 1994[8] وخرجت هذا الطائرات من الخدمة عام 2005.[16]

كما استلمت كروس إير أيضاً آخر عينة من طائرات 2000 المصنعة حديثاً في 29 أبريل 1999.[17]

يعود سبب توقف شركة ساب عن إنتاج هذا النوع من الطائرات إلى الطلب المحدود، كما أن انخفاض المبيعات خلال فترة الإنتاج كان بسبب نجاح الطائرات الإقليمية مثل بومباردييه سي‌آر‌جي وعائلة إمپراير إي‌آرجى 145 التي وفرت راحة أكبر للركاب إلى جانب ربحية أفضل.[16]

استلمت الخطوط الجوية الإقليمية الفرنسية ومقرها نانت أول طائرة من طراز ساب 2000 في پاريس عام 1995، والتي كان من المقرر أن تخدم بين ليون ومدريد.[18] عام 1996، تسلمت الشركة طائرتها الخامسة من طراز ساب 2000.[19]


The government of Marshall Islands committed to purchase two Saab 2000s (with an option to purchase two more),[20] and the first delivery was taken by Air Marshall Islands[18] to serve Micronesia Island region of the Pacific Ocean between year 1995-1998;[20] after that the plane was leased to Air Vanuatu serving between Fiji and Vanuatu,[20] while the lease was terminated in March 1999,[Note 2] and after that such Saab 2000 aircraft was sold to a Europe-based air carrier.[20]

General Motors operated several 36-seat versions of Saab 2000 for corporate shuttle operations out of its Detroit headquarters between 1995 and 2007[21] and during that period was in talks with startup air carrier Pro Air to launch a regional airline unit to feed flights into Detroit City Airport. GM would offer a free lease on three Saab 2000s in exchange for free flights for its employees and a share in the revenues made on routes eventually chosen by Pro Air.[22] However, the FAA grounded Pro Air on 18 September 2000 [23][24] before consummation of the deal, and on 28 September 2000 NTSB rejected Pro Air's bid to return to the skies.[25] One of the Saab 2000 aircraft previously operated by GM was delivered to the flight department of Penske Corporation in April 2008, and the aircraft was used to support the group’s NASCAR auto racing team.[21]

In the United Kingdom, Saab 2000 aircraft was recognized as a low-ownership-cost[26]:35 aircraft at least in the 2010s. In 2014, Loganair introduced the Saab 2000 aircraft for its services between Shetland and the Scottish mainland.[27] Eastern Airways introduced the Saab 2000 aircraft as early as 2004,[28] and in 2008, the airline was flying six Saab 2000s to serve domestic flights within United Kingdom and to serve the energy-industry business in southern North Sea;[29] the airline's Saab 2000 fleet was further enlarged to nine in 2014,[28] at which the new addition was assigned to serve charter operations for the oil and gas industry while the aircraft type itself served also the scheduled network of Eastern Airways and the ad-hoc charters to European destinations.[28]

Estonian airline NyxAir acquired two[30] ex-Loganair Saab 2000 aircraft in August 2020 to work with Air Leap in Sweden and serving two destinations: Malmö and Ängelholm-Helsingborg, each of them both connected with Stockholm Bromma Airport respectively.[Note 3] Starting in May 2021, NyxAir's 50-seat Saab 2000 aircraft were once assigned to Finland to operate the Kemi-Kokkola-Helsinki and Jyväskylä-Helsinki routes.[33] NyxAir operated four examples of Saab 2000 aircraft as of 7 May 2021.[Note 4]

Saab 2000 aircraft was deployed for the seasonal service of 2023 between Gothenburg and Lyon[35][36] in Europe. The 50-seat Saab 2000 aircraft also served between Finnish capital Helsinki and the Estonian resort town Pärnu in summer seasonal service of year 2023.[37]

Transition of registry of four ex-NyxAir Saab 2000 aircraft to a Danish AOC registry, obtained by Frost Air[38] at which its aircraft are home-based in Malmö,[39] occurred in July 2024.[40]

For the first converted freighter Saab 2000(F), NyxAir facilitated a 59-minute post-maintenance test flight in 6 March 2023 at Örebro for the Saab 2000(F) registered as ES-NSJ[Note 5] under NyxAir’s AOC authority.[41] In February 2024, it was reported that the bleed system of Saab 2000(F) has to be redesigned.[42]

For scheduled passenger service in the United States, PenAir took the delivery of its first Saab 2000 in 2015,[43] for an upgrade of the passenger air service to Unalaska with larger aircraft.[44] Some subsequent addition of Saab 2000s to PenAir in year 2016 were examples previously serving the NASCAR teams.[45][46][47] According to a press [48] citing the airline founder Orin Seybert’s saying, Saab 2000 is considered as a plane designed for trips to Unalaska that the turboprop can reach 30,000 feet, travel 400 mph and still land on a 4,000-foot runway.[48] This is the first time for a US air carrier to use Saab 2000 aircraft for Part 121 scheduled passenger operations.[43]

Sterling Airways in the United States forms a joint venture Alaska Seaplanes to operate Saab 2000 under the brand Aleutian Airways.[49] In 2022, Aleutian Airways has been granted approval to start charter and scheduled air service to Unalaska upon completion of a test-flight using Saab 2000 aircraft, and after that charter service commences in September 2022[50] and the Aleutian Airways' first scheduled flight serving Unalaska commences in 16 November 2022.[51] Extension on Saab 2000's service coverage to Sand Point, Cold Bay and, together with a seasonal scheduled service to King Salmon, commences in 2023.[52]

Air Charter Express, the passenger division of Freight Runners Express headquartered in Milwaukee WI, took delivery the first example of SAAB 2000 in October 2021.[53][54] Further example acquired in November 2022 [53][55] is an ex-Eastern Airways' Saab 2000 aircraft[Note 6] previously served in the United Kingdom.

For military use, Pakistan completed, in June 2006, the purchase of six Saab 2000 turboprop aircraft equipped with the Saab-Ericsson ERIEYE Airborne Early Warning system while revised in May 2007 due to renegotiation with the Government of Pakistan that only five aircraft would be delivered and four of which to be equipped with the Erieye system. On 3 April 2008, the first Saab 2000 Erieye AEW&C was rolled out and presented to Pakistan Air Force officials during a ceremony in Sweden.[56] Subsequent additional orders have been placed in 2017 and 2020,[57] which further expanded Pakistan’s Erieye fleet; and as at August 2024, Pakistan Air Force has nine Saab 2000 Erieye AEW&C Aircraft.[57]

A Saab 2000 Erieye AEW&C aircraft belonging to Pakistan Air Force was damaged by Indian missile strikes when it was parked in a hangar during the 2025 India–Pakistan conflict.

التنويعات

طائرة ساب 2000 (نظام الإنذار المبكر والتحكم) تابعة للقوات الجوية الپاكستانية.

المشغلون

Former NyxAir Saab 2000
Pakistan Air Force Saab 2000
Saab Swordfish MPA
A former Polet Flight Saab 2000
A former OLT Saab 2000

المشغلون الحاليون

As of October 2024, a total of 31 Saab 2000s remained active in civilian and military service.[61][62]

المشغلون السابقون

The following airlines formerly operated Saab 2000 aircraft in scheduled passenger service in the past:[61][62][65]

The following operator formerly operated Saab 2000 aircraft for civil use in the past:

حوادث وأحداث

As of February 2024, there was 4 hull-loss accidents involving Saab 2000 series aircraft, and among those accidents one of them involving 1 fatality.[71]

حوادث بدون ضحايا

  • On 17 October 2019, PenAir Flight 3296 suffered a runway overrun while landing at Unalaska Airport in Alaska with 42 occupants on board; 1 person died and 9 were injured. The probable cause was the incorrect wiring of the wheel speed transducer harnesses on the left main landing gear during overhaul, causing the antiskid system to malfunction. Contributing factors were Saab's failing to consider and protect against human error during maintenance, in its design of the harness; the FAA's lack of consideration of the RSA size, allowing the Saab 2000 to operate at the airport; and the flight crew's willingness to land with a tailwind exceeding the airplane's limit due to their plan continuation bias, aggravated by PenAir's failure to apply its qualification policy which allowed the pilot to operate at a challenging airport with limited experience at the airport and in the craft.[72]

خسائل الهيكل

  • On 8 October 1999, a Saab 2000 aircraft registered as SE-LSF and named "Eir Viking", was being taxied by two technicians while then crashed into closed hangar doors at Arlanda airport in Sweden.[73] The aircraft was damaged beyond repair.
  • On 10 July 2002, Swiss International Air Lines Flight 850, registered as HB-IZY, was forced to make an emergency landing at Werneuchen Airfield, Germany, as a result of severe weather. One of the sixteen passengers on board suffered minor injuries. The aircraft was damaged beyond economic repair when it hit an earth bank placed across the runway, where the runway markings did not conform to standards.[74]

أحداث أخرى

المقالة الرئيسية: Loganair Flight 6780
  • On 15 December 2014, Loganair Flight 6780 was struck by lightning while approaching Sumburgh Airport. When the commander made nose-up pitch inputs the aircraft did not respond as he expected. After reaching 4,000 ft the aircraft pitched to a minimum of 19° nose down and exceeded the applicable maximum operating speed by 80 kt, with a peak descent rate of 9,500 ft/min.[75]:p.1
    The flight subsequently suffered from control difficulties and nosedived from 4000 feet to 1000 feet after the crew tried taking over the controls, but failed to notice that the autopilot was still engaged. The pilots then declared a mayday and returned to Aberdeen Airport. There were 33 occupants onboard and no injuries were reported.
    The subsequent investigation discovered that the planes' autopilot could not be overridden by pilot input, making it unique among all other aircraft in service.[75][76] AAIB reported safety actions to be taken regarding the autopilot operation;[75]:p.54 putting "Notice to Aircrew (NOTAC 123/14)" in place;[75]:p.55 and revision to Autopilot Standard Operating Procedures.[75]:p.56
    This incident is featured in the first episode, titled "North Sea Nightmare", of season 21 of Mayday, repackaged as season 16, episode 1 of Air Disasters (first broadcast on April 25, 2021).[77]

المواصفات

البيانات من Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000[9] unless otherwise specified.

المواصفات العامة

  • الطاقم: 2
  • الحمولة: 50–58 passengers / 5،900 kg (13،007 lb) payload
  • الطول: 27.28 m (89 ft 6 in)
  • الباع: 24.76 m (81 ft 3 in)
  • الارتفاع: 7.73 m (25 ft 4 in) [7]
  • مساحة الجناح: 55.7 m2 (600 sq ft)
  • المنساب الهوائي: root: NASA/Langley MS(1)-0316; tip: NASA/Langley MS(1)-0312[78]
  • الوزن الفارغ: 13،800 kg (30،424 lb)
  • وزن الإقلاع الأقصى: 22،800 kg (50،265 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Rolls-Royce AE 2100P turboprop engines, 3،096 kW (4،152 hp) each
  • المراوح الدافعة: 6-bladed Dowty Propellers constant-speed composite fully feathering and reversible-pitch propellers

الأداء

  • السرعة القصوى: 685 km/h (426 mph, 370 kn)
  • سرعة التجوال: 665 km/h (413 mph, 359 kn)
  • المدى: 2،869 km (1،783 mi, 1،549 nmi)
  • سقف الخدمة: 9،450 m (31،000 ft)
  • Rate of climb: 11.4 m/s (2،240 ft/min)
  • Field length: 1,200 m [3][Note 10]

إلكترونيات الطيران

  • Rockwell Collins Pro Line 4 avionics suite with integrated avionics processor (IAP)

انظر أيضاً==

تطورات ذات صلة

طائرات شبيهة

قوائم ذات صلة

الهوامش

  1. ^ "Current operators" refers.
  2. ^ Wiki article Air Vanuatu refers regarding date of termination.
  3. ^ Reference source[31] published in June 2020 revealed the planning while the main text follows another reference source[32] published in September 2020 reporting (some of) the operating routes by NyxAir at that time.
  4. ^ The Airline's Operation Specification of the type[34] refers.
  5. ^ (msn 2000-037)
  6. ^ Aircraft registration number "N532FR" as listed in rzjets.net[53] refers
  7. ^ registered as JA003G，JA004G
  8. ^ 9 of which are reported to be operated by Pakistan Air Force[57][64] as in year 2024
  9. ^ The airline once received 2 aircraft as recorded in rzjets.net[67] while according to another database[68] the status of both two aircraft are "history".
  10. ^ The figure is obtained from the manufacturer's website.[3] Other websites offer slightly different figures, for example 1,221m "take-off distance",[80] or 1,300m [81] take-off field length.

المصادر

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  12. ^ Leyes, Richard A., II; Fleming, William A. (1999). The history of North American small gas turbine aircraft engines. Reston, VA: National Air and Space Museum and American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). p. 589. ISBN 1-56347-332-1. OCLC 247550535.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  15. ^ Entrepreneur's charter airline goes bust, 2012-10-22, https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/life-aging/entrepreneur-s-charter-airline-goes-bust/33779212, retrieved on 2024-09-03 
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  30. ^ قالب:Cite newsletter
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قراءات إضافية

  • Bénichou, Michel (May 2019). "Saab 2000: comment rater une élection" [Saab 2000: How to Miss an Election]. Le Fana de l'Aviation (in الفرنسية) (594): 58–66. ISSN 0757-4169.
  • Magnusson, Michael. Saab 340 & Saab 2000 – The Untold Story. Stockholm, Sweden: Aviatic Förlag, 2014. ISBN 978-9186642-051
  • Moxon, Julian; Winn, Allan; Elliott, Simon; Barrie, Douglas (11 December 1991). "More than a stretch - SAAB 2000 described". Flight International.

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