فريتس شتراسمان

فريتس شتراسمان
Fritz Strassmann
Fritz Strassmann
وُلِدَ22 فبراير, 1902
بوپارد، مملكة پروسيا، الإمبراطورية الألمانية
توفي22 أبريل, 1980
ماينز، Rhineland-Palatinate، ألمانيا الغربية
القوميةألمانيا
المدرسة الأمTechnical University of Hannover (PhD)
عـُرِف بـانشطار نووي
الجوائزجائزة إنريكو فرمي (مع هان ومايتنر)
السيرة العلمية
المجالاتفيزيائي, كيميائي
الهيئاتKaiser Wilhelm Institute
University of Mainz
المشرف على الدكتوراهHermann Braune (de)

فريدريش ڤيلهلم "فريتس" شتراسمان Friedrich Wilhelm "Fritz" Strassmann (و. 1902 ـ 1980م). عالم ألماني في الكيمياء الإشعاعية. استطاع مع أوتو هان، فصل ذرة اليورانيوم عام 1938م. قام ستراسمان وهان بقذف ذرات اليورانيوم بنيوترونات، فأنتجت عنصرًا عرَّفاه بأنه باريوم. كشف عن أهمية إنجازهما هذا عام 1939م الفيزيائيان النمساويان ليزه مايتنر واوتو روبرت فريش. وأوضح الأخيران أن النيوترونات قد فصلت ذرات اليورانيوم وأنتجت الباريوم وعناصر أخرى.

ولد ستراسمان في بوپارد بألمانيا. وعمل مدرسًا بمدرسة فنية عليا في هانوفر. التحق عام 1939م بهيئة موظفي معمل أوتو هان بمعهد قيصر ولهلم للكيمياء (الآن معهد ماكس بلانك ببرلين ـ ماينتس).

النشأة

الصالحون بين الأمم
حسب البلد

Friedrich Wilhelm (Fritz) Strassmann was born in Boppard, Germany, to Richard Strassmann and Julie Strassmann (née Bernsmann). He was the youngest of nine children. Growing up in Düsseldorf, he developed an interest in chemistry at a young age and conducted chemistry experiments in his parents' home. His family was of modest means, and his father died at a young age, worsening the family's financial situation. Financial considerations limited Strassmann's initial choices of where to pursue his higher education and what subjects they should be.[1][2]

الأنشطة في العهد النازي

اكتشاف الانشطار النووي

المقالة الرئيسية: اكتشاف الانشطار النووي

Hahn and Meitner made use of Strassmann's expertise in analytical chemistry in their investigations of the products resulting from bombarding uranium with neutrons. Of these three scientists, only Strassmann remained focused on their joint experimental investigations. Meitner, being Jewish, was forced to leave Nazi Germany, and Hahn had extensive administrative duties.[1]

Exhibition to mark the 75th anniversary of the discovery of nuclear fission at the Deutsches Museum in Munich. The table and instruments are original, but the instruments would not have been together on the one table in the same room.[3] Pressure from historians, scientists and feminists caused the museum to alter the display in 1988 to acknowledge the contributions of Lise Meitner, Otto Frisch and Strassmann (right), whose images are now prominently displayed.[4]

In 1937 and 1938, scientists Irène Joliot-Curie and Paul Savič reported results from their investigations on irradiating uranium with neutrons. They were unable to identify the substances that formed as a result of the uranium irradiation. Strassmann, with Hahn, identified the element barium as a major end product in the neutron bombardment of uranium, through a decay chain. The result was surprising because of the large difference in atomic number of the two elements, uranium having atomic number 92 and barium having atomic number 56.[1]

In December 1938, Hahn and Strassmann sent a manuscript to Die Naturwissenschaften reporting the results of their experiments on detection of barium as a product of neutron bombardment of uranium.[5] Robert Frisch confirmed Strassman and Hahn's report experimentally on 13 January 1939.[6] Frisch and Meitner explained Strassman's and Hahn's findings as being from nuclear fission, which they named.[7] In 1944, Hahn received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the discovery of nuclear fission, although Fritz Strassmann had been acknowledged as an equal collaborator in the discovery.[8]

الحرب العالمية الثانية

Working at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute from 1939 to 1946, Strassman contributed to research on the fission products of thorium, uranium, and neptunium. In this way, he contributed to the understanding of the radiochemistry of the actinide elements. He developed methods for the dating of the age of minerals and other inorganic substances based on the half-life of radioactive elements and the enrichment of decay products. Strassmann and Ernst Walling developed the rubidium-strontium method of radiometric dating in 1936 and 1937, and Strassmann continued this work in 1942 and 1943. His methods are known as emanation methods, and Strassmann's research in this area was fundamental to the field of geochronology.[1]


المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Krafft
  2. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Friedlander
  3. ^ "Originalgeräte zur Entdeckung der Kernspaltung, 'Hahn-Meitner-Straßmann-Tisch'" [Original equipment for the discovery of nuclear fission, 'Hahn-Meitner-Straßmann table'] (in الألمانية). Deutsches Museum. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  4. ^ Sime, Ruth Lewin (15 June 2010). "An Inconvenient History: The Nuclear-Fission Display in the Deutsches Museum". Physics in Perspective. 12 (2): 206–210. Bibcode:2010PhP....12..190S. doi:10.1007/s00016-009-0013-x. ISSN 1422-6944. S2CID 120584702.
  5. ^ Hahn, O.; Strassmann, F. (1939). "Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle" [On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons]. Naturwissenschaften (in الألمانية). 27 (1): 11–15. Bibcode:1939NW.....27...11H. doi:10.1007/BF01488241.
  6. ^ Frisch, O. R. (1939). "Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei under Neutron Bombardment". Nature. 143 (3, 616): 276. Bibcode:1939Natur.143..276F. doi:10.1038/143276a0. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009.
  7. ^ "Hitler and the Bomb". New York Times. 11 December 1988.
  8. ^ Bowden, Mary Ellen (1997). Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of the Chemical Sciences. Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. 76–80. ISBN 9780941901123.

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