ماستريخت

Coordinates: 50°51′N 5°41′E / 50.850°N 5.683°E / 50.850; 5.683
لمعلومات عن the treaty signed in Maastricht in 1992، انظر Maastricht Treaty.
Maastricht
Mestreech (Limburgish)
City and municipality
River Meuse in winter
River Meuse in winter
Town Hall by night
Maastricht City Hall at night
Sidewalk cafés at Onze Lieve Vrouweplein
Sidewalk cafés at Onze Lieve Vrouweplein
Saint Servatius Bridge
Saint Servatius Bridge
Our Lady, Star of the Sea chapel
Our Lady, Star of the Sea chapel
St. John's and Basilica of Saint Servatius
St. John's and St. Servatius' churches at Vrijthof square
View from Mount Saint Peter
View from Mount Saint Peter
علم Maastricht
Flag
درع Maastricht
Coat of arms
الشعار الرسمي لـ Maastricht
Logo
النشيد: Mestreechs Volksleed
Highlighted position of Maastricht in a municipal map of Limburg
Location in Limburg
Maastricht is located in هولندا
Maastricht
Maastricht
Location within the Netherlands
Maastricht is located in أوروپا
Maastricht
Maastricht
Location within Europe
Coordinates: 50°51′N 5°41′E / 50.850°N 5.683°E / 50.850; 5.683
CountryNetherlands
ProvinceLimburg
Settled50 ADح. 50 AD
City rightsgradually acquired
City HallMaastricht City Hall
Boroughs
Government
[1]
 • BodyMunicipal council
 • MayorWim Hillenaar (CDA)
Area
[2]
 • Municipality
60٫03 كم² (23٫18 ميل²)
 • Land56٫81 كم² (21٫93 ميل²)
 • Water3٫22 كم² (1٫24 ميل²)
Elevation
[3]
49 m (161 ft)
Population
 (Municipality, أغسطس 2017; Urban and Metro, مايو 2014)[4][5]
 • Municipality
121٬501
 • Density2٬139/km2 (5٬540/sq mi)
 • Urban
277٬721
 • Metro
≈ 3٬500٬000
 Urban population for Dutch-Belgian region;[6] metropolitan population for Dutch-Belgian-German region.[7]
Demonym(s)(Dutch) Maastrichtenaar;
(Limb.) Mestreechteneer or "Sjeng" (nickname)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postcode
6200–6229
Area code043
Websitewww.gemeentemaastricht.nl/en

ماستريخت (Maastricht ؛ /ˈmɑːstrɪxt/ MAH-strikht, US also /mɑːˈstrɪxt/[محل شك] mah-STRIKHT,[8][9][10] هولندية: [maːˈstrɪxt] استمع (المساعدة·معلومات); Limburgish: Mestreech [məˈstʀeːx]) is a city and a municipality in the southeastern Netherlands. It is the capital and largest city of the province of Limburg. Maastricht is located on both sides of the Meuse (هولندية: Maas), at the point where the river is joined by the Jeker. Mount Saint Peter (Sint-Pietersberg) is largely situated within the city's municipal borders. Maastricht is adjacent to the border with Belgium and is part of the Meuse-Rhine Euroregion, an international metropolis with a population of about 3.9 million, which includes the nearby German and Belgian cities of Aachen, Liège, and Hasselt.

Maastricht developed from a Roman settlement (Trajectum ad Mosam) to a medieval river trade and religious centre. In the 16th century it became a garrison town and in the 19th century an early industrial centre.[11] Today, the city is a thriving cultural[citation needed] and regional hub. It became well known through the Maastricht Treaty and as the birthplace of the euro.[12] Maastricht has 1,677 national heritage buildings (rijksmonumenten), the second highest number in the Netherlands, after Amsterdam. The city is visited by tourists for shopping and recreation, and has a large international student population. The last stage of the Cretaceous period and the Mesozoic era, the Maastrichtian, is named after this city, at the end of which was the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which resulted in the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs.

تقع ماستريخت على ضفتي نهر موز (بالهولندية: Maas)، عند النقطة التي يلتقي رافده نهر يكر (بالفرنسية: Geer) .

التاريخ

اسم المكان

Maastricht is mentioned in ancient documents as [Ad] Treiectinsem [urbem] ab. 575, Treiectensis in 634, Triecto, Triectu in 7th century, Triiect in 768–781, Traiecto in 945, Masetrieth in 1051.[13][14]

The place name Maastricht is an Old Dutch compound Masa- (> Maas "the Meuse river") + Old Dutch *treiekt, itself borrowed from Gallo-Romance *TRA(I)ECTU cf. its Walloon name li trek, from Classical Latin trajectus ("ford, passage, place to cross a river") with the later addition of Maas "Meuse" to avoid the confusion with the -trecht of Utrecht having exactly the same original form and etymology. The Latin name first appears in medieval documents and it is not known whether *Trajectu(s) was Maastricht's name during Roman times.

A resident of Maastricht is referred to as Maastrichtenaar while in the local dialect it is either Mestreechteneer or, colloquially, Sjeng (derived from the formerly popular French name Jean).

التاريخ المبكر

بقايا حمامات رومانية في Onze Lieve Vrouweplein
Roman sanctuary in the basement of Hotel Derlon

Neanderthal remains have been found to the west of Maastricht (Belvédère excavations). Of a later date are Palaeolithic remains, between 8,000 and 25,000 years old. Celts lived here around 500 BC, at a spot where the river Meuse was shallow and therefore easy to cross.

It is not known when the Romans arrived in Maastricht, nor whether the settlement was founded by them. The Romans built a bridge across the Meuse in the 1st century AD, during the reign of Augustus Caesar. The bridge was an important link in the main road between Bavay and Cologne. Roman Maastricht was relatively small. Remains of the Roman road, the bridge, a religious shrine, a Roman bath, a granary, some houses and the 4th-century castrum walls and gates, have been excavated. Fragments of provincial Roman sculptures, as well as coins, jewelry, glass, pottery and other objects from Roman Maastricht are on display in the exhibition space of the city's public library (Centre Céramique).

According to legend, the Armenian-born Saint Servatius, Bishop of Tongeren, died in Maastricht in 384 where he was interred along the Roman road, outside the castrum. According to Gregory of Tours it was bishop Monulph who around 570 built the first stone church on the grave of Servatius, a precursor of the present-day Basilica of Saint Servatius. The city remained an early Christian diocese until it lost the distinction to nearby Liège in the 8th or 9th century.

العصور الوسطى

In the early Middle Ages Maastricht, along with Aachen and Liège, formed part of what is considered the heartland of the Carolingian dynasty. At this time, the town was an important centre for river trade and manufacturing. Merovingian coins minted in Maastricht have been found throughout Europe. In 881 the town was plundered by the Vikings. In the 10th century it briefly became the capital of the duchy of Lower Lorraine.

During the 11th and 12th centuries the town flourished culturally. Several provosts of the chapter of Saint Servatius held important positions in the Holy Roman Empire. The two collegiate churches were largely rebuilt and redecorated during this era. Maastricht Romanesque stone sculpture and silversmithing are regarded as highlights of Mosan art. Maastricht painters were praised by Wolfram von Eschenbach in his Parzival. Around the same time, the poet Henric van Veldeke wrote a legend of Saint Servatius, one of the earliest works in Dutch literature. The two main churches acquired a wealth of relics and the septennial Maastricht Pilgrimage became a major event that drew up to 100,000 pilgrims.

Unlike most Dutch towns, Maastricht did not receive city rights at a certain date. These gradually developed during its long history. In 1204 the city's dual authority was formalised in a treaty, with the prince-bishop of Liège and the duke of Brabant holding joint sovereignty over the city. Soon afterwards the first ring of medieval walls were built. In 1275, the old Roman bridge collapsed under the weight of a procession, allegedly killing 400 people. A replacement bridge, funded by church indulgences, was built slightly to the north and survives until today, the Sint Servaasbrug.[15]

Throughout the Middle Ages, the city remained a centre for trade and manufacturing principally of wool and leather but gradually economic decline set in. After a brief period of economic prosperity around 1500, the city's economy suffered during the wars of religion of the 16th and 17th centuries, and recovery did not happen until the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century.

القرون 16 - 18

The Siege of Maastricht (1579) as depicted in the Palace of Aranjuez

The strategic location of Maastricht at a major river crossing necessitated the construction of an array of fortifications around the city during this period. The Spanish and Dutch garrisons became an important factor in the city's economy. In 1579 the city was sacked by the Spanish army led by the Duke of Parma (Siege of Maastricht, 1579). For over fifty years the Spanish crown took over the role previously held by the dukes of Brabant in the joint sovereignty over Maastricht. In 1632 the city was conquered by Prince Frederick Henry of Orange and the Dutch States General replaced the Spanish crown in the joint government of Maastricht. There was an attempt in 1634 of Spanish forces to recapture the city, but to no avail.

Another Siege of Maastricht (1673) took place during the Franco-Dutch War. In June 1673, Louis XIV laid siege to the city because French supply lines were being threatened. During this siege, Vauban, the famous French military engineer, developed a new tactic in order to break down the strong fortifications surrounding Maastricht. His systematic approach remained the standard method of attacking fortresses until the 20th century. On 25 June 1673, while preparing to storm the city, captain-lieutenant Charles de Batz de Castelmore, also known as the comte d'Artagnan, was killed by a musket shot outside the Tongerse Poort. This event was embellished in the Alexandre Dumas novel The Vicomte de Bragelonne, part of the D'Artagnan Romances. French troops occupied Maastricht from 1673 to 1678.

In 1748 the French again conquered the city at what is known as the Second French Siege of Maastricht, during the War of Austrian Succession. After each siege the city's fortifications were restored and expanded. The French revolutionary army failed to take the city in 1793 but a year later they succeeded. The condominium was dissolved and Maastricht was annexed to the French First Republic, later the First French Empire. For almost twenty years (1795–1814/15) Maastricht was the capital of the French département of Meuse-Inférieure.

القرن 19 ومطلع العشرين

ماكيت ماستريخت في 1750
تطورات صناعية مبكرة، 1865
19th-century industry: Maastricht potteries in Boschstraat

After the Napoleonic era, Maastricht became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. It was made the capital of the newly formed Province of Limburg (1815–1839). When the southern provinces of the newly formed kingdom seceded in 1830, the Dutch garrison in Maastricht remained loyal to the Dutch king, William I, even when most of the inhabitants of the town and the surrounding area sided with the Belgian revolutionaries. In 1831, arbitration by the Great Powers allocated the city to the Netherlands. However, neither the Dutch nor the Belgians agreed to this and the arrangement was not implemented until the 1839 Treaty of London. During this period of isolation Maastricht developed into an early industrial town.

ملف:Maastricht Liberation Plate, 14 Sept. 1944.jpg
Plate commemorating the liberation, 14 September 1944

Because of its eccentric location in the southeastern Netherlands, as well as its geographical and cultural proximity to Belgium and Germany, integration of Maastricht and Limburg into the Netherlands did not come about easily. Maastricht retained a distinctly non-Dutch appearance during much of the 19th century and it was not until the First World War that the city was forced to look northwards.

Like the rest of the Netherlands, Maastricht remained neutral during World War I. However, being wedged between Germany and Belgium, it received large numbers of refugees, putting a strain on the city's resources. Early in World War II, the city was taken by the Germans by surprise during the Battle of Maastricht of May 1940. On 13 and 14 September 1944 it was the first Dutch city to be liberated by Allied forces of the US Old Hickory Division. The three Meuse bridges were destroyed or severely damaged during the war. As elsewhere in the Netherlands, the majority of Maastricht Jews died in Nazi concentration camps.[16]

بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية

Prime minister Dries van Agt presiding over the 1981 European Council in the town hall

During the latter half of the century, traditional industries (such as Maastricht's potteries) declined and the city's economy shifted to a service economy. Maastricht University was founded in 1976. Several European institutions found their base in Maastricht. In 1981 and 1991 European Councils were held in Maastricht, the latter one resulting a year later in the signing of the Maastricht Treaty, leading to the creation of the European Union and the euro.[17] Since 1988, The European Fine Art Fair, regarded as the world's leading art fair, annually draws in some of the wealthiest art collectors.

Since the 1990s, large parts of the city have been refurbished, including the areas around the main railway station and the Maasboulevard promenade along the Meuse, the Entre Deux and Mosae Forum shopping centres, as well as some of the main shopping streets. A prestigious quarter designed by international architects and including the new Bonnefanten Museum, a public library, and a theatre was built on the grounds of the former Société Céramique factory near the town centre. Further large-scale projects, such as the redevelopment of the area around the A2 motorway, the Sphinx Quarter and the Belvédère area are under construction.

In the early 2000s, Maastricht launched several campaigns against drug-dealing in an attempt to stop foreign buyers taking advantage of the liberal Dutch legislation and causing trouble in the downtown area.[18]

الجغرافيا

الأحياء

Typical street in the Jekerkwartier, part of the city centre
Dutch topographic map of Maastricht, March 2014

Maastricht consists of seven areas (wijken) and 44 neighbourhoods (buurten). Each area and neighbourhood has a number which corresponds to its CBS code.

  1. Maastricht Centrum (CBS area code: 093500): Binnenstad, Jekerkwartier, Kommelkwartier, Statenkwartier, Boschstraatkwartier, Sint Maartenspoort, Wyck-Céramique
  2. South-West (093501): Villapark, Jekerdal, Biesland, Campagne, Wolder, Sint Pieter)
  3. West (093502): Brusselsepoort, Mariaberg, Belfort, Pottenberg, Malpertuis, Caberg, Malberg, Dousberg-Hazendans, Daalhof
  4. North-West (093503): Boschpoort, Bosscherveld, Frontenkwartier, Belvédère, Lanakerveld
  5. North-East (093505): Beatrixhaven, Borgharen, Itteren, Meerssenhoven
  6. East (093504): Wyckerpoort, Wittevrouwenveld, Nazareth, Limmel, Amby, Scharn, Heugemerveld
  7. South-East (093506): Randwyck, Heugem, Heer, De Heeg, Vroendaal

Itteren, Borgharen, Limmel, Amby, Heer, Heugem, Scharn, Oud-Caberg, Sint Pieter and Wolder are neighbourhoods that used to be separate municipalities or villages until they were annexed by the city of Maastricht in the course of the 20th century.

Neighbouring municipalities

The outlying areas of the following municipalities are bordering the municipality of Maastricht directly.

Clockwise from north-east to north-west:

(B = Situated in Belgium)

الحدود

Maastricht's city limits has an international border with Belgium. Most of it borders Belgium's Flemish region, but a small part to the south also has a border with Wallonia. Both countries are part of Europe's Schengen Area and, thus, are open without border controls.


جنود ألمان بالقرب من جسر مدمر.


المناخ

بيانات المناخ لـ Maastricht
الشهر ينا فب مار أبر ماي يون يول أغس سبت أكت نوف ديس السنة
القصوى القياسية °س (°ف) 15.5
(59.9) 		19.1
(66.4) 		22.2
(72.0) 		26.7
(80.1) 		30.6
(87.1) 		34.0
(93.2) 		35.9
(96.6) 		36.2
(97.2) 		31.3
(88.3) 		26.6
(79.9) 		21.1
(70.0) 		16.4
(61.5) 		36.2
(97.2)
متوسط القصوى اليومية °س (°ف) 5.2
(41.4) 		6.1
(43.0) 		10.1
(50.2) 		14.0
(57.2) 		18.3
(64.9) 		20.9
(69.6) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.0
(73.4) 		19.1
(66.4) 		14.7
(58.5) 		9.2
(48.6) 		5.8
(42.4) 		14.1
(57.4)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) 2.7
(36.9) 		3.1
(37.6) 		6.3
(43.3) 		9.3
(48.7) 		13.5
(56.3) 		16.2
(61.2) 		18.4
(65.1) 		18.0
(64.4) 		14.7
(58.5) 		10.9
(51.6) 		6.4
(43.5) 		3.5
(38.3) 		10.2
(50.4)
متوسط الدنيا اليومية °س (°ف) 0.0
(32.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		2.6
(36.7) 		4.7
(40.5) 		8.5
(47.3) 		11.3
(52.3) 		13.5
(56.3) 		13.2
(55.8) 		10.5
(50.9) 		7.2
(45.0) 		3.5
(38.3) 		0.9
(33.6) 		6.3
(43.3)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) −19.3
(−2.7) 		−14.7
(5.5) 		−12.9
(8.8) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		0.9
(33.6) 		5.2
(41.4) 		5.5
(41.9) 		1.6
(34.9) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−15.4
(4.3) 		−19.3
(−2.7)
متوسط تساقط الأمطار mm (inches) 65.3
(2.57) 		57.4
(2.26) 		61.8
(2.43) 		45.1
(1.78) 		65.9
(2.59) 		70.5
(2.78) 		69.6
(2.74) 		72.3
(2.85) 		61.6
(2.43) 		67.2
(2.65) 		65.3
(2.57) 		70.8
(2.79) 		772.8
(30.44)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 12 10 12 9 10 10 10 10 9 10 12 12 126
متوسط الرطوبة النسبية (%) 87 84 80 74 73 75 75 76 82 85 89 89 81
Mean monthly ساعات سطوع الشمس 59.9 79.3 119.3 164.0 194.9 188.9 202.8 187.3 140.0 113.6 65.9 44.9 1٬560٫8
Source 1: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (1981–2010 normals, snowy days normals for 1971–2000)[19]
Source 2: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (1971–2000 extremes)[20]

السكان

View of Maastricht from the church tower of Saint John's

Total population

Year Population
1794 17,000[21]
1818 20,000[21]
1960 (Jan) 90,202[22]
1970 (Jan) 93,927[22]
1980 (Jan) 109,285[22]
1990 (Jan) 117,008[22]
2000 (Jan) 122,070[22]
2010 (Jan) 118,533[22]
2013 (Jan) 121,831[23]

Inhabitants by nationality

Maastricht residents by nationality - Top 10 (1 January 2014)[24]
Nationality 2014 2010 2000
هولندا Netherlands 107,418 109,722 116,171
ألمانيا Germany 3,869 1,956 783
بلجيكا Belgium 1,055 946 909
المملكة المتحدة United Kingdom 815 386 280
إيطاليا Italy 653 387 280
الولايات المتحدة الولايات المتحدة 623 277 162
الصين China 595 248 87
إسپانيا Spain 431 232 241
تركيا Turkey 404 368 404
فرنسا France 351 214 120

Inhabitants by country of birth

Maastricht residents by country of birth - Top 10 (1 January 2013)[25]
Country of birth 2013 2010 2000
هولندا Netherlands 100,269 102,433 109,632
ألمانيا Germany 4,100 2,467 1,444
بلجيكا Belgium 1,920 1,839 1,900
إندونيسيا Indonesia 1,199 1,267 1,556
تركيا Turkey 919 836 784
المغرب Morocco 838 867 859
Former Soviet Union 842 564 183
الولايات المتحدة الولايات المتحدة 753 383 217
المملكة المتحدة United Kingdom 677 404 310
الصين China (excl. Hong Kong and Macau) 651 373 215

المسافات للمدن الأخرى

These distances are as the crow flies and therefore not represent actual overland distances.

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ "Mrs. Annemarie Penn-te Strake" [Mr. Annemarie Penn-te Strake] (in الهولندية). Gemeente Maastricht. Archived from the original on 3 يوليو 2015. Retrieved 12 أكتوبر 2013.
  2. ^ "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten" [Key figures for neighbourhoods]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 2 يوليو 2013. Retrieved 12 مارس 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  3. ^ "Postcodetool for 6211DW". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in الهولندية). Het Waterschapshuis. Archived from the original on 21 سبتمبر 2013. Retrieved 12 أكتوبر 2013.
  4. ^ "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand" [Population growth; regions per month]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 27 أكتوبر 2017. Retrieved 27 أكتوبر 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  5. ^ "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand". CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 26 يونيو 2014. Retrieved 24 يوليو 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  6. ^ Including the Belgian municipalities of Lanaken, Riemst and Maasmechelen to the west and Visé to the south.
  7. ^ Basically, the metropolitan areas of Maastricht, Liège, Hasselt-Genk, Sittard-Geleen, Heerlen-Kerkrade and Aachen-Düren constitute the densely populated urban core of the Meuse–Rhine Euroregion.
  8. ^ "Maastricht". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 4 أبريل 2019.
  9. ^ "Maastricht" (US) and "Maastricht". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 مارس 2020.
  10. ^ "Maastricht". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. OCLC 1032680871. Retrieved 4 أبريل 2019.
  11. ^ "Zicht op Maastricht". zichtopmaastricht.nl. Archived from the original on 27 نوفمبر 2010. Retrieved 19 أغسطس 2012.
  12. ^ "The Economist Charlemagne: Return to Maastricht Oct 8th 2011". Economist.com. 8 أكتوبر 2011. Archived from the original on 22 مايو 2012. Retrieved 23 مايو 2012.
  13. ^ As Treiectinsem urbem, "the city of Trajectum", in Gregory of Tours, Historia Francorum, 2, 5 Archived 16 مارس 2015 at the Wayback Machine (late 6th ct.).
  14. ^ M. Gysseling, Toponymisch Woordenboek van België, Nederland, Luxemburg, Noord-Frankrijk en West-Duitsland (vóór 1226) (Tongeren, 1960) p. 646 Archived 5 يوليو 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  15. ^ Bredero, Adriaan H. (1994), Christendom and Christianity in the Middle Ages: The Relations Between Religion, Church, and Society, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, p. 352, ISBN 978-0-8028-4992-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=CD-2apInJSYC&pg=PA352 .
  16. ^ About 77% of Maastricht's relatively small Jewish community of 505 members did not survive the war. P.J.H. Ubachs & I.M.H. Evers (2005): Historische Encyclopedie Maastricht, pp. 256–257. Walburg Pers, Zutphen. ISBN 90-5730-399-X.
  17. ^ Gnesotto, N. (1992). European union after Minsk and Maastricht. International Affairs. 68(2), 223–232.
  18. ^ Maastricht Van onze verslaggever. "Coffee Corner: Dagblad de Limburger". Limburger.nl. Archived from the original on 31 أغسطس 2015. Retrieved 23 مايو 2012.
  19. ^ "Klimaattabel Maastricht, langjarige gemiddelden, tijdvak 1981–2010" (PDF) (in Dutch). Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 10 سبتمبر 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  20. ^ "Klimaattabel Maastricht, langjarige extremen, tijdvak 1971–2000" (PDF) (in Dutch). Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 10 سبتمبر 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  21. ^ أ ب Jansen, J.C.G.M. (1986). "Maastricht tussen 1813 en 1850" (PDF). BMCN. 101 (4): 529–550. Retrieved 10 فبراير 2012.
  22. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per jaar". Retrieved 17 ديسمبر 2012.
  23. ^ Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand". Retrieved 12 أبريل 2013.
  24. ^ "Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, nationaliteit en regio, 1 januari (in Dutch)". Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, nationaliteit en regio, 1 januari. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. 2014: page 1. 24 أكتوبر 2014. Retrieved 3 فبراير 2015. {{cite journal}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  25. ^ "Bevolking op 1 januari; leeftijd, geboorteland en regio (in Dutch)". Bevolking op 1 januari; leeftijd, geboorteland en regio. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. 201w: page 1. 17 يوليو 2013. Retrieved 3 فبراير 2015. {{cite journal}}: |page= has extra text (help)

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