أنتيگا وبربودا

(تم التحويل من Antigua and Barbuda)
هذا المقال هو عن the country. إذا كنت تريد its main islands، انظر Antigua و Barbuda. إذا كنت تريد other uses، انظر Antigua (disambiguation) و Barbuda (disambiguation).
Antigua and Barbuda[1]
Flag of أنتيگا وبربودا
Flag
Coat of arms أنتيگا وبربودا
Coat of arms
الشعار: Each Endeavouring, All Achieving
النشيد: "Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee"[أ]
النشيد الملكي: God Save the Queen 1
Capital
and أكبر مدينة
سانت جونز[ب]
17°7′N 61°51′W / 17.117°N 61.850°W / 17.117; -61.850
أكبر مدينةالعاصمة
اللغات الرسميةEnglish[ت]
Spanish[ث]
الجماعات العرقية
(2011[5])
الدين
(2025[6])
  • 3.72% Spiritism
  • 1.36% No religion
  • 1.1% Baháʼí Faith
  • 0.77% Islam
  • 0.44% Hinduism
  • 0.1% other
صفة المواطنAntiguan and Barbudan
الحكومةديمقراطية برلمانية وملكية دستورية اتحادية
تشارلز الثالث
رودني وليامز
Gaston Browne
التشريعParliament
• المجلس الأعلى
Senate
• المجلس الأدنى
House of Representatives
Formation
• Union
1 August 1860
• Redonda
26 March 1872
27 February 1967
1 November 1981
المساحة
• الإجمالية
440 km2 (170 sq mi) (182nd)
• الماء (%)
negligible
Population
• 2026 التعداد
زيادة محايدة 106,365[7] (182nd)
• 2011 census
زيادة محايدة 84,816
• Density
186/km2 (481.7/sq mi)
ن.م.إ. (ق.ش.م.)2025 estimate
• الإجمالي
▲ $3.3 billion (180th)
• للفرد
▲ $31,781[8] (66th)
ن.م.إ. (الاسمي)2025 estimate
• الإجمالي
▲ $2.37 billion (171st)
• Per capita
▲ $22,630[8] (51st)
HDI (2023)▲ 0.851[9]
very high (53rd)
العملةEastern Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Time zoneت.ع.م.-04:00 (AST)
صيغة الوقتdd/mm/yyyy
مفتاح الهاتف+1
النطاق العلوي للإنترنت.ag
موقع أنتيگا وبربودا

أنتيگا وبربودا (Antigua and Barbuda[ج] هي بلد أرخبيلي يقع في البحر الكاريبي الشرقي على الحدود مع المحيط الأطلسي، ويتكون من أنتيگا وبربودا بالإضافة إلى dozens of other small islands. Antigua and Barbuda has a total area of 440 km2 (170 sq mi), making it one of the smallest countries in the Caribbean. The country is mostly flat, with the highest points on Antigua being in the Shekerley Mountains and on Barbuda the Highlands. The country has a tropical savanna climate, with pockets of tropical monsoon in Antigua's southwest. Its most populated city is St. John's, followed by All Saints and Bolans. The sole settlement in Barbuda is Codrington. Most of the country resides in the Central Plain that stretches from St. John's to English Harbour. أنتيگا وبربودا تقعان في منتصف جزر ليوارد في الكاريبي الشرقي، 17 درجة شمال خط الاستواء تقريباً. أنتيغا وبربودا هي جزء من أرخبيل الأنتيل الأصغر الذي يقع في جنوبه أرخبيل گوادلوپه، ومونتسرات في المنطقة الجنوبية الغربية، وسينت كيتس ونيفيس في الغرب وسانت بارثيليمي وسانت مارتن في المنطقة الشمالية الغربية. عدد سكانها 67448 نسمة.

Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east and the Caribbean Sea on the west, Antigua and Barbuda is located within the Leeward Islands moist forest and Leeward Islands xeric scrub ecoregions. The country shares maritime borders with Anguilla, Saint Barthélemy, and Saint Kitts and Nevis to the west, Montserrat to the southwest, and Guadeloupe to the south. Antigua and Barbuda has numerous natural parks, including Codrington Lagoon, one of the largest internal bodies of water in the Lesser Antilles. Despite its dense population, the country has large swaths of undeveloped land, however, Antigua and Barbuda has experienced many environmental issues due to climate change.

Hunter-gatherers settled the islands starting around 3700 BC, likely arriving on canoes from Central and South America. They were followed by the Arawaks of Venezuela during the Ceramic period. In 1493, Christopher Columbus surveyed the island of Antigua, which resulted in an attempt at Spanish settlement in 1520. Antigua remained uncolonised until 1632 when Edward Warner and his small party created the first successful British colony. Barbuda was under the control of the Codrington family until the 1860s. Antiguan independence was first proposed by Prince Klaas in 1728, who attempted to make the island an independent kingdom. After emancipation in 1834, Antigua's autonomy slowly increased, while Barbuda was slowly integrated into Antigua. The first democratic elections were held in 1951, and by 1981, Antigua and Barbuda was independent. From 1960 until 2004, the Bird family dominated the archipelago's politics with only one interruption, which ended with the election of Baldwin Spencer to the premiership.

Since 2014, the Labour Party has dominated national politics. Antigua and Barbuda is a member of the Commonwealth and a Commonwealth realm, being a constitutional monarchy with Charles III as its head of state. The country is a unitary state, with Barbuda being administered by the Barbuda Council since 1976. Antigua is divided into six parishes. The central government is composed of three main branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. It has a bicameral national legislature comprising the directly elected House of Representatives and the Senate appointed by the Governor-General, the representative of the monarch. The Labour Party and the United Progressive Party have dominated the country's politics since 1994. The country has a proportionally high foreign-born population; most people are of African descent, with significant populations of Europeans, Hispanics, and Indians. The country is majority Christian, with most being Protestant. The most spoken home language in the country is Antiguan and Barbudan Creole. Compared to neighboring countries, Antigua and Barbuda ranks highly in most economic indicators, and ranks about average in political freedoms.

Antigua and Barbuda is a high-income country and is the most developed country in the Caribbean by Human Development Index. It is a member of the United Nations, the OECS, the Regional Security System, CARICOM, and the World Trade Organisation. Antigua and Barbuda is one of the only countries in the Caribbean to maintain an air force, and has a mostly service-based economy. Antigua and Barbuda maintains significant influence in the former British Leeward Islands and the eastern Caribbean, having the largest economy and population in the former colony. However, the country continues to struggle with human rights and political polarisation, with a significant Barbudan independence movement re-emerging and declining freedom of the press.

أصل الاسم

Antigua is Spanish for 'ancient' and barbuda is Spanish for 'bearded'.[14] The island of Antigua was originally called Waladli by the Arawaks, and the Caribs possibly called Barbuda Wa'omoni. Christopher Columbus, while sailing by in 1493, may have named it Santa Maria la Antigua, after an icon in the Spanish Seville Cathedral. The "bearded" of Barbuda is thought to refer either to the male inhabitants of the island, or the bearded fig trees present there.[15] The term Wadadli is a corrupted form of the original Arawak name, emerging from a misspelling in a popular 1970s song. The term is sometimes used in Antiguan and Barbudan Creole to refer to the island's original name.[16][17] Aanteega an' Baabyuuda is the Creole endonym for the country, deriving from the English name.[18]

التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ أنتيگا وبربودا

عصر ما قبل الاستعمار

المقالة الرئيسية: أنتيگا وبربودا قبل كلومبس

كان هنود الكاريب أول من استوطــــن أنتيگا وبربودا.

Archaic-period hunter-gatherers called the Ciboney were the first culture present in Antigua and Barbuda.[14][19][20] Carbon dating has established the earliest settlements started around 3100 BC.[21] They were succeeded by the ceramic age pre-Columbian Arawak-speaking Saladoid people who migrated from the lower Orinoco River.[22] They introduced agriculture, raising, among other crops, the Antigua black pineapple (Ananas comosus), corn, sweet potatoes, chillies, guava, tobacco, and cotton.[23] Later on the Caribs settled the island.[24]

Antigua in 1823

الحكم الأوروبي والرق

وفي عام 1493 أصبح كريستوفر كولمبوس أول أوروبي يصل أنتيگا.[19][20] The Spanish did not colonise Antigua until after a combination of European and African diseases, malnutrition, and slavery eventually extirpated most of the Native population; smallpox was probably the greatest killer.[25]

أنشأ المستوطنون البريطانيون أول مستعمرة في أنتيگا عام 1632.[20][19] Christopher Codrington settled on Barbuda in 1685.[20][19] Tobacco and then sugar was grown, worked by a large population of slaves transported from West Africa, who soon came to vastly outnumber the European settlers.[19] وسميت المستعمرة، أنتيگا وشملت أيضًا فيما بعد بربودا وردوندا. وقد جلب البريطانيون الإفريقيين إلى الجزر ليعملوا في مزارع قصب السكر. وغادر معظم البريطانيين الجزيرة فيما بعد، لكن بريطانيا احتفظت بسلطانها على المستعمرة.

وفي عام 1967، أصبحت مستعمرة أنتيگا جزءًا من ولايات جزر الهند الغربية، واكتسبت سلطة إدارة شؤونها الداخلية، ثم أصبحت دولة أنتيگا وبربودا مستقلة في أول نوفمبر 1981م. ظل حزب العمل يفوز في كل الانتخابات التي أقيمت منذ الاستقلال بزعامة فير كورنول بيرد. وعندما تقاعد بيرد في انتخابات 1994م، خلفه ابنه ليستر بيرد.

The country opted to remain within the Commonwealth, retaining Elizabeth II (ح. 1952–2022) as head of state, with the first governor, Sir Wilfred Jacobs, as governor-general. Succeeding Wilfred Jacobs were James Carlisle (1993–2007), Louise Lake-Tack (2007–2014), and the present since 2014 being Rodney Williams.

Queen Elizabeth II on 1953 Antiguan stamps

Independence era

The first two decades of Antigua's independence were dominated politically by the Bird family and the ABLP, with Vere Bird ruling from 1981 to 1994, followed by his son Lester Bird from 1994 to 2004.[19] Though providing a degree of political stability, and boosting tourism to the country, the Bird governments were frequently accused of corruption, cronyism and financial malfeasance.[20][19] Vere Bird Jr., the elder son, was forced to leave the cabinet in 1990 following a scandal in which he was accused of smuggling Israeli weapons to Colombian drug-traffickers.[26][27][20] Another son, Ivor Bird, was convicted of possessing cocaine in 1995.[28][29] Also in 1995, Hurricane Luis caused severe damage on Barbuda.[30]

The ABLP's dominance of Antiguan politics ended with the 2004 Antiguan general election, which was won by Baldwin Spencer's United Progressive Party (UPP).[19] Winston Baldwin Spencer was Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda from 2004 to 2014.[31] However, the UPP lost the 2014 Antiguan general election, with the ABLP returning to power under Gaston Browne.[32] ABLP won 15 of the 17 seats in the 2018 snap election under the leadership of incumbent Prime Minister Gaston Browne.[33]

In 2015, Antigua and Barbuda established the Marine Ecosystem Protected Areas (MEPA) Trust, a mechanism for funding marine conservation and supporting local environmental efforts,[34] alongside the national Environmental Protection and Management Act (EPMA) to create a framework for sustaining marine protected areas and their biodiversity.[35] In 2016, Nelson's Dockyard was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[36]

Most of Barbuda was devastated in early September 2017 by Hurricane Irma, which brought winds with speeds reaching 295 km/h (185 mph). The storm damaged or destroyed 95% of the island's buildings and infrastructure, leaving Barbuda "barely habitable" according to Prime Minister Gaston Browne. Nearly everyone on the island was evacuated to Antigua.[37] Amidst the following rebuilding efforts on Barbuda that were estimated to cost at least $100 million,[38] the government announced plans to revoke a century-old law of communal land ownership by allowing residents to buy land; a move that has been criticised as promoting "disaster capitalism".[39]

الجغرافيا

المقالة الرئيسية: جغرافيا أنتيگا وبربودا
Antigua and Barbuda
Antiguan city lights seen from the South Coast of Barbuda. Light pollution is a major problem in the country.[40]

السطح والمناخ

معظم جزر أنتيگا وبربودا مسطحة. وقد تكونت من براكين، تآكلت بفعل الرياح والأمطار. تتميز الجزر بشواطئ رملية جميلة مغطاة بالرمل الأبيض. ويوجد بساحل أنتيگا العديد من الخلجان والمداخل. أما ردوندا فهي صخرية، وبها نباتات قليلة.

متوسط درجة حرارة الجزر 27م. ويسقط بالجزيرة حوالي 115سم من الأمطار سنويًا، إلا أن فترات طويلة من الجفاف تصيب المنطقة من وقت لآخر.

خريطة أنتيجا وبربودا
كاتدرائية سان جون في أنتيجا
ملعب كريكيت في سان جون في أنتيجا


السكان

المقالة الرئيسية: Demographics of Antigua and Barbuda
Demographics of Antigua and Barbuda, Data of FAO, year 2005 ; Number of inhabitants in thousands.

الأغلبية العظمى من سكان أنتيگا وبربودا ينحدرون من الأفارقة السود. ويعيش نحو ثلث السكان في سانت جونز، وأغلب الباقين يعيشون في المناطق الريفية ومعظمهم يقيمون في منازل من طابق واحد مصنوعة من كتل من الخرسانة أو الخشب. ويشمل غذاؤهم الفاصوليا والكركند والبطاطا الحلوة.

 
أكبر settlements في Antigua and Barbuda
2011 Antiguan and Barbudan census
Rank Parish Pop. Rank Parish Pop.
1 St. John's Saint John 24,451 11 Montclear Saint John 1,246
2 All Saints Multiple 3,438 12 Skyline Saint John 1,212
3 Bolans Saint Mary 2,053 13 Jacks Hill Saint John 1,151
4 Liberta Saint Paul 2,003 14 Potters Village Saint John 1,116
5 Piggotts Saint George 1,931 15 Parham Saint Peter 1,084
6 Swetes Saint Paul 1,720 16 Sugar Factory Saint George 1,051
7 Jennings Saint Mary 1,481 17 Bendals Saint John 973
8 Clare Hall Saint John 1,459 18 Cedar Grove Saint John 934
9 Willikies Saint Philip 1,270 19 St. Claire Saint John 898
10 Old Road Saint Mary 1,251 20 Freemans Saint Peter 860

Ethnicity

المقالة الرئيسية: Ethnicity in Antigua and Barbuda
Largest ethnic group by enumeration district in Antigua, 2011
  •   African
  •   White
  •   Other mixed
  •   Uninhabited

Respondents in the 2011 census self-reported over fifteen ethnic identities.[41] In order of population, the major pan-ethnic groups chosen were African (87.27%), other mixed (3.80%), Hispanic (2.75%), white (1.65%), Indian (India) (1.11%), other (0.94%), mixed black/white (0.93%), not stated (0.88%), and Syrian or Lebanese (0.67%).[42] The following groups were put in the category of "other": Amerindian (0.37% of the total population), Chinese (0.17%), Asian (0.14%), and Portuguese (0.11%). The remaining were some other ethnicity (0.13%).[43]

By proportion, Antigua and Barbuda has the highest foreign-born population in the Americas, with immigrants making up 30% of the population in 2011. Due to this high immigrant population, people among the African descendant population tend to identify with place of origin rather than with their ethnicity. The largest immigrant groups in Antigua and Barbuda are Guyanese (7.12%), Jamaicans (5.22%), Dominica (4.31%), Americans (3.07%), and Dominican Republic (2.46%).[44] Most immigrants to the country are of African ethnicity, with a notable exception being Dominican Republic immigrants who are mostly of Hispanic origin.[45] Immigrants to Antigua and Barbuda, particularly those from lower-income countries, face significant discrimination in all aspects of society, although foreign-born persons have risen to the ranks of prime minister (Lester Bird)[46] and governor-general (Wilfred Jacobs).[47]

Languages

المقالة الرئيسية: Languages of Antigua and Barbuda
Creole dialects in Antigua and Barbuda

Antigua and Barbuda has no official language under any Act of Parliament.[3][48] Cabinet designated Spanish as an official language on 14 May 2026.[49] The most spoken language in the country is Antiguan and Barbudan Creole, with three of its seven varieties native to the country: North Antiguan, the standard variety spoken in most of the country; South Antiguan, a partially-intelligible variety spoken in an area known as "Round South", and Barbudan, spoken only in Barbuda.[50] The unofficial working language of the country is Antiguan and Barbudan English, which is used by all agencies of government and is the main language of business and academic communication. Virtually all persons who speak Antiguan and Barbudan Creole can also speak English, making nearly all people in the country bilingual.[51] As of 2011, the population used the following as their main language: North Antiguan (57.06%), South Antiguan (8.05%), Guyanese Creole (7.11%), standard English (6.12%), Jamaican Patois (5.21%), Spanish (2.45%), and Barbudan Creole (1.71%). 0.67% spoke an unidentified variety of Antiguan and Barbudan Creole, and the remainder primarily spoke other Caribbean dialects.[52]

Religion

المقالة الرئيسية: Religion in Antigua and Barbuda

Religion in Antigua and Barbuda (ARDA 2020 est.)[53]

  Protestant (71.26%)
  Catholic (7.91%)
  Other Christian (13.34%)
  Baháʼí (1.10%)
  Islam (0.77%)
  Hinduism (0.44%)
  None (1.46%)
  Other (3.72%)

A majority[14] of Antiguans are Christians, with the Anglicans (17.6%) being the largest single denomination. Other Christian denominations present are Seventh-day Adventist Church (12.4%), Pentecostalism (12.2%), Moravian Church (8.3%), Catholic Church (8.2%), Methodist Church (5.6%), Wesleyan Holiness Church (4.5%), Church of God (4.1%), Baptists (3.6%),[54] Mormonism (<1.0%), as well as Jehovah's Witnesses.

Education

المقالة الرئيسية: Education in Antigua and Barbuda
A primary school classroom in St. John's

Antigua and Barbuda has a centralised primary and secondary education system supervised by the Director of Education, currently Clare Browne.[55] Education is free and compulsory for all children between ages five and sixteen.[56] Primary education starts in kindergarten and continues through grades one to six.[57] In the sixth grade, most students sit the Grade Six National Assessment that determines their secondary school placement– with the top one-hundred performers nationwide having the option to attend Antigua Grammar School or Antigua Girls' High School and the lowest performers attending Clare Hall Secondary School geography-permitting.[58][59][60] Following primary school, students attend secondary school, which is divided into five forms.[61] Most students terminate their education at fifth form, and among Antiguans and Barbudans aged twenty-five and over in 2011, 16.55% had solely a primary school education, 48.34% had only a secondary education, and 27.24% finished their education in a tertiary institution such as a college or university.[62] In 2023, 3.1% of Antigua and Barbuda's GDP went to education.[63]

Antigua and Barbuda has several tertiary institutions, including a full campus of the University of the West Indies at Five Islands and the Antigua and Barbuda College of Advanced Studies based primarily in Golden Grove.[64][65] Significant investments into the country's tertiary institutions since the mid-2010s along with near-universal literacy[66] have resulted in the country attracting a large number of foreign students.[67]

نظام الحكم

أنتيگا وبربودا ملكية دستورية وعضـــو بكومنولث الأمم. يترأس رئيس الوزراء الحكومة، ويقوم هو وأعضاء حكومته بإدارة الأعمال الحكومية. ويقوم برلمان من 17 عضوًا ـ مكون من مجلس النواب والشيوخ ـ بتشريع القوانين. ينتخب الشعب أعضاء البرلمان. ويتولى رئيس حزب الأغلبية بمجلس النواب رئاسة الوزراء. ويعين رئيس الوزراء أعضاء الوزارة.

Administrative divisions

The headquarters of the Secretary of the Barbuda Council in Codrington
Parish and dependency capitals

Antigua and Barbuda is composed of six parishes and two dependencies. Saint John is the most populous parish, home to well over half of Antigua and Barbuda's population.[68] During colonial times, the parishes were governed by parish vestries, however, the parishes now lack any sort of government.[69] Since the 2023 general elections, various proposals have been made to establish parish councils, however, as of January 2025, none have been established.[70][71] The dependency of Redonda is part of the parish of Saint John under the Redonda Annexation Act, in Magistrates' District "A".[72] Barbuda is composed of eight districts that are eventually intended to have local government powers.[73]

قالب:Map of Antigua and Barbuda

Local government in Antigua and Barbuda is completely inactive, except for the Barbuda Council which is enshrined in the Constitution.[74] Antigua historically had a system of village councils in the 1940s (although the legislation was never repealed), however, the Gaston Browne administration has expressed opposition to all forms of local governance.[75][76] St. John's also historically had a city council during the late 1800s and early 1900s,[77][78] however the St. John's Development Corporation has since consumed most of its functions.[79]

Foreign relations

المقالة الرئيسية: Foreign relations of Antigua and Barbuda
Diplomatic relations of Antigua and Barbuda
Embassy of Antigua and Barbuda in Madrid

The Minister of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Barbuda Affairs is responsible for overseeing the foreign relations of Antigua and Barbuda.[80] The current minister is Paul Chet Greene.[81] Antigua and Barbuda is a founding member of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States,[82] as well as a member of the United Nations,[83] the Caribbean Community,[84] the Alliance of Small Island States,[85] and the World Trade Organisation.[86]

Antigua and Barbuda's foreign policy has been described by Gaston Browne as "we are friends of all; enemies of none". Antigua and Barbuda has rejected the notion that it is in any country's "backyard".[87][88] Antigua and Barbuda usually maintains close relations with other Small Island Developing States, and has hosted various summits on that subject.[89] The United Nations has also praised Antigua and Barbuda for its "United Nations-based multilateralism" efforts.[90] Antigua and Barbuda also has close relations with many Caribbean countries and territories, especially Montserrat,[91] which Antigua and Barbuda accepted 3,000 refugees from in 1997 after the Soufrière Hills eruption.[92] Many policies adopted by the Antiguan and Barbudan government have also often had an impact on Montserrat, due to Antigua and Barbuda hosting the main transportation links into the territory.[93]

Defence and national security

المقالة الرئيسية: National security of Antigua and Barbuda
Various members of the national security infrastructure of Antigua and Barbuda posing with the Florida National Guard at a sugar estate

The Minister of Finance, Corporate Governance and Public Private Partnerships is responsible for the Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force, the country's military.[94] The Minister of Legal Affairs, Public Safety, Immigration and Labour is responsible for the national security of Antigua and Barbuda.[95] The Defence Force consists of the Regiment (army), the Air Wing, the Coast Guard, the Cadet Corps, and the Service and Support Unit. The Defence Force is led by the Chief of Defence Staff, who is subject to the orders of the Governor-General.[96] The Defence Force is headquartered at Camp Blizzard.

The National Security Council is responsible for the coordination of Antigua and Barbuda's national security. The National Security Adviser is a member of the council and is responsible for the gathering of intelligence and information on national security matters.[97]

The Royal Police Force of Antigua and Barbuda is the national police department.[98] The Special Service Unit is Antigua and Barbuda's police tactical unit.[99] The Police Force is composed of four lettered regional divisions, and subordinated service districts.[100]

اللغة

يتحدث كل سكان أنتيگا وبربودا اللغة الإنجليزية، لغة الدولة الرسمية، وأغلب السكان نصارى بروتستانت. ويشكل الأنجليكانيون أكبر مجموعة بروتستانتية. ويوجد بأنتيگا وبربودا نظام تعليم ابتدائي وثانوي متطور جدًا.

الاقتصاد

المقالة الرئيسية: اقتصاد أنتيگا وبربودا

تشكل السياحة أهم مورد اقتصـادي في أنتيگا وبربودا. وتجتذب شواطئ البلاد الرملية، ومنتجعاتها ومناخها الدافئ المشمس السائحين من بلاد عديدة. ويشتغل معظم سكان أنتيگا وبربودا في صناعة السياحة، كما شكل السكر والقطن المنتجات المهمة لاقتصاد البلاد، إلا أن إنتاج البلاد من المحاصيل كثيرًا ما يتضرر بالجفاف. ونتيجة لذلك، فإن الحكومة تشجع الصناعات الصغيرة لدعم الاقتصاد. وتشمل صناعات البلاد منتجات الملابس والطلاء والأجهزة مثل الثلاجات والأفران.

[14][19] As a destination for the most affluent travelers, Antigua is well known for its extensive collection of five-star resorts. However, weaker tourist activity in lower and middle market segments since the beginning of the year 2000 has slowed the economy and put the government into a tight fiscal corner.[14] Antigua and Barbuda has enacted policies to attract high-net-worth citizens and residents, such as abolishing personal income tax in 2016.[101][102]

The provision of investment banking and financial services also constitutes a significant portion of the economy. Major international financial institutions such as the Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) and Scotiabank both maintain offices in Antigua. PriceWaterhouseCoopers, Pannell Kerr Forster, and KPMG are some of the other companies in the financial services industry that have offices in Antigua.[103] In February 2009 the United States Securities and Exchange Commission leveled allegations against the Antigua-based Stanford International Bank, part of the Stanford Financial Group, which was owned by Texan Allen Stanford, of orchestrating a massive fraud that resulted in the theft of approximately $8 billion from investors.[104]

The nation, which consists of two islands, directs the majority of its agricultural production toward the markets that are found within the nation. This is done despite the fact that the nation has a limited water supply and a shortage of laborers as a result of the higher wages offered in the tourism and construction industries.[54]

Manufacturing comprises 2% of GDP and is made up of enclave-type assembly for export, the major products being bedding, handicrafts, and electronic components.[105] Prospects for economic growth in the medium term will continue to depend on income growth in the industrialised world, especially in the United States,[54] from which about one-third to one-half of all tourists come.[106]

Access to biocapacity is lower than world average. In 2016, Antigua and Barbuda had 0.8 global hectares[107] of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.[108] In 2016, Antigua and Barbuda used 4.3 global hectares of biocapacity per person – their ecological footprint of consumption. This means they use more biocapacity than Antigua and Barbuda contains. As a result, Antigua and Barbuda are running a biocapacity deficit.[107]

The Citizenship by Investment Unit (CIU) is the government authority responsible for processing all applications for Agent's Licenses as well as all applications for Citizenship by Investment made by applicants and their family members. This unit was established by the Prime Minister and is known as the Citizenship by Investment Unit.[109]

في 6 فبراير 2013، قضت محكمة منظمة التجارة الدولية بالسماح لأنتيگا وبربودا بانتهاك الملكية الفكرية لكل المنتجات الأمريكية، بما قيمته 21 مليون دولار أمريكي سنوياً، مقابل حظر أمريكا لمواقع القمار أونلاين بالجزر. النزاع بدأ قبل عشر سنوات، وأثبتت حكومة أنتيجا وبربودا أن اجراءات الحظر الأمريكي كلفتها أكثر من 4,000 وظيفة.[110]

الثقافة

المقالة الرئيسية: ثقافة أنتيگا وبربودا
Antigua Carnival
Typical Antiguan homes in Saint Mary
Typical Barbudan homes in Codrington

The music of Antigua and Barbuda has some African characteristics, with minimal influence from European music, but the music is distinct.[111] Records of music in Antigua and Barbuda dates back to Christopher Columbus' writings in 1493, when it was still home to Arawak and Carib people, still, very little research has been done on early music from the islands. African labourers are documented in history to have danced outside in the 1780s to the toombah (later tum tum), a drum adorned with tin and shell jingles, and the banjar (later bangoe, maybe related to the European banjo).[112] Antigua's indigenous music, known as Benna, came into being after slavery was abolished. Benna uses a call-and-response format, and its audience is typically interested in obscene gossip and rumours. Benna was widely utilised as a popular communication tool by the beginning of the 20th century, disseminating information around the island.[112][113] Benna has long been eclipsed by calypso and increasingly soca, which includes South Asian rhythms.

The art of Antigua and Barbuda began with the Arawak people. Their artwork included pictographs and petroglyphs. These geometric shapes, animals, and plant artworks are said to have been used for ceremonial or religious purposes. Painting, sculpture, and ceramics were among the artistic traditions that European settlers brought to Antigua and Barbuda. Local painters used European art forms to produce Antiguan and Barbudan art in their own unique styles. Social issues, nature, and Caribbean identity were the subjects of this artwork.[114] Traditional crafts from Antigua and Barbuda include scrimshaw, pottery, sculptures, ethnic dolls, and photography.[115]

Every year, on the island of Antigua, people celebrate their freedom from slavery with the Antigua Carnival modelled after European pre-Lent Carnival. Over thirteen days, there are brightly coloured costumes, talent events, beauty pageants and music. The celebration runs from late July to Carnival Tuesday, the first Tuesday in August. On the island, Carnival Tuesday and Monday are both observed as public holidays. In an effort to boost travel to Antigua and Barbuda, the Old Time Christmas Festival was replaced in 1957 by the Antiguan Carnival.[116][117][118] Another annual festival held in Antigua is Antigua Sailing Week. Sailing Week is a week-long yacht regatta held in the waters of English Harbour. Sailing Week was founded in 1967 and is known for being one of the top regattas in the world.[119][120] The main festival held in Barbuda is Caribana. Caribana takes place every year during Whit Monday weekend[121] and features various pageants, calypso competitions, and weekend beach parties.[122]

Antigua and Barbuda has eleven public holidays.[121] On the advice of the Cabinet, the Governor-General may also proclaim other holidays.[123] Historically, about three weeks before Christmas Day, carol singers would roam the various villages, carrying carol trees and lanterns. "John Bulls" are replicas of "masked African witch doctors", that often dominated the country's Christmas festivities. Jazz bands were also common sights, dressed in red and green clown costumes.[124]

المطبخ

المقالة الرئيسية: Cuisine of Antigua and Barbuda

The islands' cuisine is mostly of European origin (UK and Portugal) with regional ingredients. Fungee (pronounced "foon-jee") and pepperpot are the national dishes. Fungee is a cornmeal-based dish that resembles polenta.[125] Other national foods include saltfish (cod), lobster (from Barbuda), ducana (a sweet dumpling made from sweet potatoes and coconut), and seasoned rice, similar to Palau or arroz con pollo. Additionally, there are confections such as peanut brittle, sugar cake (made from coconut and sugar), fudge, and raspberry (local) and tamarind stew (sauce). The Antigua black pineapple is prized for its juicy, sweet flesh. It is a well-liked fruit in the area and is included in many regional specialties and sweets. It is said to be the sweetest variety of pineapple.[126][127]

An important part of the Antiguan and Barbudan breakfast is Antigua Sunday bread. It is sold in many bakeries on both islands, and instead of being made with butter, it is made with lard. There are often decorative twists on the crust of the bread.[128][129] Antiguan raisin buns, often called "bun and cheese", is another traditional bread, which is sweet and most popular during Easter. It is sometimes made with spices such as nutmeg.[130]

الإعلام

الرياضة

Antigua Recreation Ground

التعليم

انظر أيضاً

عضو

ملاحظات

  1. ^ "Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee" is the de facto national anthem of Antigua and Barbuda and is not codified in any legislation as of July 2025. Additionally, Antigua and Barbuda does not have a royal anthem.
  2. ^ St. John's is the administrative centre by convention and the city's status is not defined in the law. Most diplomatic missions are located in Marble Hill.[2]
  3. ^ English is the official language by convention, and de jure has no official status. See Antiguan and Barbudan English for more information.[3]
  4. ^ Cabinet designated Spanish as an official language on 14 May 2026. See Spanish language in Antigua and Barbuda for more details.[4]
  5. ^ /ænˈtiːɡə ... bɑːrˈbjuːdə/ ( استمع);[12][13] Antiguan and Barbudan Creole: Aanteega an' Baabyuuda [äːnˈtiːɡə (h)ä̃ bäːˈbjuːdə]; إسپانية: Antigua y Barbuda [an̪ˈti.ɣ̞u.a i β̞aɾˈβ̞u.ða]

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  127. ^ "The Antigua Black Pineapple: An Island Treasure | Sandals Blog". Hello Paradise – The Official Sandals Resorts Travel & Lifestyle Blog. 2019-01-02. Retrieved 2023-02-05.
  128. ^ admin (2016-06-01). "Antigua Sunday Bread". Cooking Sense Magazine (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-02-05.
  129. ^ "Antigua's traditional bread shops struggle amid food price hikes". BBC News (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). 2022-09-03. Retrieved 2023-02-05.
  130. ^ ChainBaker (2021-05-02). "Antiguan Raisin Buns, Unique Bun & Cheese Recipe". ChainBaker (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Retrieved 2023-02-05.

وصلات خارجية

Antigua and Barbuda travel guide from Wikitravel

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=أنتيگا_وبربودا&oldid=4339878"