أرثر هاردن

هاردن أرثر Arthur Harden
وُلِدَ	(1865-10-12)12 أكتوبر 1865 مانشستر، إنگلترة
توفي	17 يونيو 1940(1940-06-17) (aged 74) Bourne End, Buckinghamshire، إنگلترة
القومية	المملكة المتحدة
المدرسة الأم	University of Manchester master, University of Erlangen phd
عـُرِف بـ	كيمياء خلية التخمر
الجوائز	جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء (1929)
السيرة العلمية
المجالات	كيمياء حيوية
المشرف على الدكتوراه	Otto Fischer

سير أرثر هاردن (12 اكتوبر 1865 – 17 يونيو 1940)، هو كيميائي حيوي إنجليزي. تقاسم جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء مع هانس فون أولر شلبين لأبحاثهما حول تخمر السكر وإنزيم التخمر.

درس في مدرسة خاصة ومن ثم في معهد توتنهال و بعده في جامعة مانشستر حيث تخرج سنة 1885. في سنة 1886 حصل على منحة دالتون الدراسية لدراسة الكيمياء وعمل لمدة سنة لدى اوتو فيشر. عاد إلى مانشستر حيث عمل محاضرا في جامعتها حتى سنة 1897 وعمل بعدها ككيميائي في المعهد البريطاني للطب الوقائي. في سنة 1907 عين مديرا لقسم الكيمياء الحيوية وبقي فيه حتى تقاعده سنة 1930 ولكنه واصل أبحاثه العلمية بعد تقاعده.

 Biography

 Early years

Harden was born to Scottish Presbyterian businessman Albert Tyas Harden and Eliza Macalister. His early education was at a private school in Victoria Park run by Dr Ernest Adam. He went to study in 1877 at Tettenhall College, Staffordshire, and entered Owens College, now the University of Manchester, in 1882, graduating in 1885. He studied chemistry under Professor Roscoe at Owens College and was influenced by J.B. Cohen (author of The Owens College Course of Practical Organic Chemistry).

 Research

In 1886 Harden was awarded the Dalton Scholarship in Chemistry and spent a year working with Otto Fischer at Erlangen where he worked on the synthesis of β-nitroso-α-naphthylamine and studied its properties. After receiving a Ph.D. he returned to Manchester as a lecturer and demonstrator and taught along with Sir Philip Hartog. He researched the life and work of John Dalton during these years. In 1895 he wrote a textbook on Practical Organic Chemistry together with F.C. Garrett. Harden continued to work at Manchester until 1897 when he was appointed chemist to the newly founded British Institute of Preventive Medicine, which later became the Lister Institute. He earned the degree Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) from the Victoria University (which included Owens College) in June 1902. Five years later, in 1907 he was appointed Head of the Biochemical Department, a position which he held until his retirement in 1930 (though he continued his scientific work at the Institute after his retirement).

At Manchester, Harden had studied the action of light on mixtures of carbon dioxide and chlorine, and when he entered the Institute he applied his methods to the investigation of biological phenomena such as the chemical action of bacteria and alcoholic fermentation. He studied the breakdown products of glucose and the chemistry of the yeast cell, and produced a series of papers on the antiscorbutic and anti-neuritic vitamins.

Harden was knighted in 1926, and received several honorary doctorates. A Fellow of the Royal Society, he received the Davy Medal in 1935.

 "Harden–Young ester"

Harden's work on glycolysis in yeast with William John Young led to the discovery of a phosphorylated ester that was known as Harden–Young ester until chemical analysis showed it to be fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. It is now known to be the product of phosphorylating fructose 6-phosphate by the action of phosphofructokinase; it is broken down into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate by the action of aldolase.

 حياته الشخصية

هاردن تزوج ولم ينجب أطفال. توفيت زوجته عام 1928، وتوفي السير أرثر في منزله في Bourne End, Buckinghamshire في 17 يونيو 1940.

 See also

• William John Young

 External links

• أرثر هاردن on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, 12 December 1929 The Function of Phosphate in Alcoholic Fermentation
• أعمال من Arthur Harden في مشروع گوتنبرگ
• Works by or about أرثر هاردن at Internet Archive
• Media related to Arthur Harden (biochemist) at Wikimedia Commons