كاثرين آشتون

(تم التحويل من Catherine Ashton)
المبجلة
البارونة أشتون
من أپهولاند
GCMG, PC
Catherine Ashton
النائب الأول لرئيس
المفوضية الأوروپية
في المنصب
9 فبراير 2010 – 1 نوفمبر 2014
الرئيس جوزيه مانويل باروزو
سبقه مارگوت والستورم
خلفه فرانز تيمرمانز
الممثل السامي لشئون السياسة الخارجية والأمن للاتحاد الأوروپي
في المنصب
1 ديسمبر 2009 – 1 نوفمبر 2014
الرئيس جوزيه مانويل باروزو
سبقه خاڤيير سولانا
خلفه فدريكا موگريني
المفوض الأوروپية للتجارة
في المنصب
3 أكتوبر 2008 – 1 ديسمبر 2009
الرئيس خوزيه مانويل باروزو
سبقه پيتر ماندلسون
خلفه بانيتا فيريرو-والدنر
زعيم مجلس اللوردات؛
اللورد رئيس المجلس
في المنصب
27 يونيو 2007 – 3 أكتوبر 2008
رئيس الوزراء گوردون براون
سبقه البارونة أموس
خلفه البارونة رويال من بلايسدون
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد كاثرين مارگريت أشتون
20 مارس 1956 (العمر 70 سنة)
أپهولاند، المملكة المتحدة
الحزب العمال
الزوج پيتر كلنر (1988–الآ،ن)
الجامعة الأم جامعة لندن
البارونة كاثرين آشتون.

'كاثرين مارگريت أشتون، البارونة أشتون من أپهولاند، PC (و. 20 مارس 1956)، هي أول ممثل سامي للاتحاد الاوروپي لشئون السياسة الخارجية والأمن. تم إختيارها كوزيرة خارجية للاتحاد الأوروبي في مؤتمر قادة الاتحاد الـ27 في بروكسل في 19 نوفمبر 2009، والذي أختير فيه أيضا رئيس وزراء بلجيكا هرمان ڤان رومپوي لمنصب رئيس المجلس الاوروپي.[1]

المنصب الجديد

جاء تولي كاثرين آشتون منصب ممثل سامي للاتحاد الاوروپي لشئون السياسة الخارجية والأمن، بعد أن أعلن وزير الخارجية البريطاني ديڤد ميليباند رفضه تولي هذا المنصب الرفيع والمغري ليفتح بذلك المجال واسعا أمام أشتون لتصبح بديلاً له خاصة بعد أن لقي ترشيحها تأييدا واسعا من المعسكر الاشتراكي الأوربي، كما جاء تعيينها في ذلك المنصب تلبية للأصوات النسائية التي طالبت بمنح امرأة أحد المناصب العليا في الاتحاد الأوربي.

وتخلف أشتون الإسباني خاڤيير سولانا لكن مع تمتعها بصلاحيات أوسع، حيث ستشغل في الوقت نفسه منصب نائبة رئيس المفوضية الأوربية.

الحياة العملية

وقد لعبت أشتون التي تعرف بالسياسية الهادئة خلال السنوات العشر الماضية دوراً بارزاً في بريطانيا، حيث شغلت العديد من المناصب الوزارية في بريطانيا في العديد من الحكومات العمالية.

واستهلت أشتون حياتها العملية بدراسة الاقتصاد في جامعة لندن وعملت في العديد من مجموعات الضغط ومنظمات المجتمع المدني، كما تولت لست سنوات رئاسة مؤسسة «بيزنس إن ذا كوميونيتي»، التي أنشأها ولي العهد البريطاني الأمير تشارلز لدعم الأعمال الاجتماعية.

كما تولت السياسية البريطانية، التي ولدت في شمال شرق بريطانيا، إدارة اللجنة الصحية في منطقة هرتفودر شاير بين عامي 1998 و2001، ودخلت بذلك مجلس اللوردات دون انتخاب.

دخلت أشتون طبقة النبلاء وتقلدت لقب البارونة في ظل حكومة بلير عام 1999 وتلقب منذ ذلك الحين ببارونة أپهولاند نسبة إلي مسقط رأسها أپهولاند في مقاطعة لانكشاير الشمالية.

كما تولت منصب نائب وزير التعليم والمهارات عام 2001، حيث تعاملت مع قضايا تتراوح بين سياسات المدارس وحتي حظر ضرب الأطفال. في 2004 لعبت أشتون دوراً مشابهاً عندما تولت حقيبة وزارة الشئون الدستورية وتعاملت مع قضايا حقوق الإنسان والمساواة والعدل.

وفي يونيو 2007، عينها رئيس الوزراء البريطاني جوردون براون رئيسة للوردات، وهو منصب وزاري مهمته تسهيل إقرار القوانين الحكومية في مجلس اللوردات، ولم تمض غير فترة وجيزة في هذا المنصب، حيث خلفت عام 2008 بيتر ماندسون في منصب المفوض الأوربي للتجارة الذي لا تزال تشغله. [2]

المسيرة المهنية

المملكة المتحدة

Between 1977 and 1983, Ashton worked for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) as an administrator and in 1982 was elected as its national treasurer and subsequently as one of its vice-chairs. From 1979 to 1981 she was business manager of the Coverdale Organisation, a management consultancy.[3][4]

As of 1983 she worked for the Central Council for Education and Training in Social Work.[5] From 1983 to 1989 she was director of Business in the Community, working with business to tackle inequality, and she established the Employers' Forum on Disability, Opportunity Now, and the Windsor Fellowship.[6] For most of the 1990s, she was a freelance policy adviser.[7][8] She chaired the Health Authority in Hertfordshire from 1998 to 2001 and she became a vice-president of the National Council for One-Parent Families.[9]

She was created a Labour Life Peer as Baroness Ashton of Upholland in 1999, under Prime Minister Tony Blair. In June 2001 she was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State in the Department for Education and Skills. In 2002 she became Minister responsible for Sure Start in the same department, and in September 2004 she was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary in the Department for Constitutional Affairs, with responsibilities including the National Archives and the Public Guardianship Office. Ashton was sworn of the Privy Council in 2006, and she became Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the new Ministry of Justice in May 2007.[10]

In 2005 she was voted "Minister of the Year" by The House magazine and "Peer of the Year" by Channel 4. In 2006 she won the "Politician of the Year" award at the annual Stonewall Awards, made to those who had a positive impact on the lives of British LGBT people.[11]

On 28 June 2007, Prime Minister Gordon Brown appointed Ashton to HM Cabinet as Leader of the House of Lords and Lord President of the Council.[12] As Government Leader in the House of Lords, she was responsible for steering the Lisbon Treaty through the Upper House.[13]

الاتحاد الأوروبي

On 3 October 2008, Ashton was nominated by the UK to replace Peter Mandelson as the European Commissioner for Trade.[14] Because European Commissioners may not engage in any other occupation during their term of office, whether gainful or not,[15] she used the procedural device previously adopted in 1984 by Lord Cockfield[16] and took a leave of absence from the House of Lords on 14 October 2008,[17] retaining her peerage but not her seat.[18] After a confirmation hearing by the Trade Committee of the European Parliament, Ashton was approved by the Parliament on 22 October 2008 by 538 to 40 votes, with 63 abstentions.[19]

During her term, Ashton represented the EU in negotiations related to a long-running dispute over beef with the United States (May 2009),[20] led the EU delegation in an agreement with South Korea that removed virtually all tariffs between the two economies (October 2009)[21][22][23] and represented the EU in ending a long-running dispute over banana imports, principally involving Latin America and the EU.[24]

الشؤون الخارجية والسياسة الأمنية

Ashton with U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton
للمزيد من المعلومات: High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy § Ashton

On 19 November 2009, Ashton was appointed the EU's first High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security policy. Her appointment was agreed at a summit by 27 European Union leaders in Brussels. Having initially pushed for former British Prime Minister Tony Blair to become President of the European Council, Gordon Brown eventually relented on the condition that the post of High Representative be awarded to a Briton.[25][26] She took office on 1 December 2009 for a five-year-term.[27]

Ashton's relative obscurity prior to her appointment prompted comment in the media. The Guardian newspaper reported that her appointment as High Representative had received a "cautious welcome... from international relations experts".[28] The Economist described her as being a virtual unknown with paltry political experience, having no foreign-policy background and never having been elected to anything. The magazine credited her, however, with piloting the Lisbon Treaty through the House of Lords, handling the European Commission's Trade Portfolio without disagreement with her colleagues, and being suited to consensus-building.[29]

Critics predicted she would be out of her depth. Nile Gardiner of The Heritage Foundation, who opposed a European Union role in foreign and security policy on principle,[30] wrote in The Daily Telegraph "This may well be the most ridiculous appointment in EU history".[31] Daniel Hannan, a British Conservative MEP, complained that she had "no background in trade issues at a time when the EU is engaged in critical negotiations with Canada, Korea and the WTO".[32] The Guardian quoted an anonymous Whitehall source as commenting "Cathy just got lucky...The appointment of her and Herman Van Rompuy European Council president was a complete disgrace. They are no more than garden gnomes."[33]

By contrast, former Home Secretary Charles Clarke said: "I have seen Cathy in action. I have great respect for her. She is excellent at building good relations with people and a good negotiator". Shami Chakrabarti, the director of Liberty, a human-rights pressure group, said: "people underestimate Cathy at their peril. She is not a great big bruiser. She is a persuader and a charmer. That is the secret of her success."[33]

She was appointed Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) in the 2015 New Year Honours List for services to the European Common Foreign and Security Policy.[34][35]

أبرز أحداث فترة عملها كممثلة عليا

Ashton and Iranian foreign minister Javad Zarif, the first round of Comprehensive agreement on Iranian nuclear programme, February 2014

Notable events of her term included:

  • Establishing the European External Action Service (1 December 2010), which merged the external relations departments of the European Commission and the Council of the European Union, and was to have diplomats seconded from national foreign services. Throughout the first half of 2010 Ashton sought agreement between the Council, the Parliament and the Commission over the shape of the EEAS. Parliament agreed to the plan on 8 July, when MEPs approved the service by 549 votes for and 78 against with 17 abstentions. The Council approved the transfer of departments to the EAS on 20 July. Until the EEAS became operational, Ashton had been supported by a staff of about 30 people.[36]
  • Working with EU Special Representative Alexander Rondos to head Operation Atalanta: an EU military action off the coast of Somalia, which curtailed piracy (May 2012).[37][38]
  • Helping to reach a deal[39] between Serbia and Kosovo that normalised their ties (April 2013).[40][41][42]
  • Successfully negotiating with the Egyptian Army a visit to the deposed president, Mohamed Morsi, in their custody.[43] She reported that he was in good health and was well treated and aware of current affairs. (July 2013.)[44][45]
  • Chairmanship of the P5+1 in their negotiations with Iran on nuclear matters in 2013, which led to the Geneva interim agreement on the Iranian nuclear programme (November 2013).[46][47]
  • Her visit to Kyiv during Ukraine's Euromaidan protests.[48]

صربيا وكوسوفو

In April 2013, after two years of negotiations, the governments of Serbia and Kosovo reached agreement to normalise their relations. Although Serbia did not formally recognise Kosovo as an independent state, it did "in effect – concede that the government in Pristina has legal authority over the whole territory, including Serb-majority areas of northern Kosovo".[49] In return, Kosovo agreed to grant a degree of autonomy to four Serb-majority areas. The agreement, which among other things removed obstacles to Serbia and Kosovo joining the European Union, followed Ashton's mediation of ten rounds of talks between Serbia's Prime Minister, Ivica Dacic, and Kosovo Prime Minister Hashim Thaci. A cross-party committee of the U.S. House of Representatives nominated Ashton and her fellow negotiators Dacic and Thaci for the Nobel Peace Prize.[50] A similar nomination came from the Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament[51]

إيران

After the November 2013 negotiation of an interim agreement with Iran over its nuclear programme, the Financial Times wrote that Ashton was "no longer the diplomatic dilettante". A senior French diplomat was quoted as saying, "I tip my hat to her.... She truly played a decisive role". The report continued that, after initially insisting on negotiating only with other foreign ministers, by the latter stages of the negotiations the Iranian foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif "now... wanted to deal only with Lady Ashton". Said a western diplomat, "That the others agreed to this was significant. For China and Russia to be outside while she was in the room negotiating details was quite remarkable".[52]

أوكرانيا

U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry with Ashton, Munich, 1 February 2014

In December 2013 Ashton visited Kyiv. She said she was impressed by the "determination of Ukrainians demonstrating for the European perspective of their country" and observed "with sadness that police used force to remove peaceful people from the center of Kyiv... Dialogue with political forces and society and the use of arguments is always better than the argument of force".[48] Subsequently, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin criticised Ashton's categorisation of the anti-government protests in Kyiv as peaceful in nature, pointing to the death of a number of police officers.[53]

At the beginning of March a recording of a conversation between Ashton and the Estonian foreign minister Urmas Paet was released. In the call, Paet said he had been told by a woman doctor named Olga that snipers responsible for killing police and civilians in Kyiv last month were protest movement provocateurs rather than supporters of then-president Viktor Yanukovych. Ashton responds: "I didn't know … Gosh." "So there is a stronger and stronger understanding that behind snipers it was not Yanukovych, it was somebody from the new coalition", Paet says. Ashton replies: "I think we do want to investigate. I didn't pick that up, that's interesting. Gosh", she says. The Estonian foreign ministry confirmed the accuracy of the leak but clarified that "Foreign Minister Paet was giving an overview of what he had heard in Kyiv and expressed concern over the situation on the ground. We reject the claim that Paet was giving an assessment of the opposition's involvement in the violence."[54] The woman doctor, Olga Bogomolets, said in an interview reported by Paul Waldie of The Globe and Mail that, in her conversation with the Estonian minister, "she did not indicate that protesters used snipers. She simply relayed to the Estonian minister what she saw that day – protesters shot in the head and heart. 'What I saw were people who were killed by snipers and only on [protesters'] side.'"[55]

On 28 March 2014 Ashton issued a news release condemning violence by members of the Ukrainian nationalist political party Right Sector, stating, "I strongly condemn the pressure by activists of the Right Sector who have surrounded the building of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Such an intimidation of the parliament is against ... democratic principles and [the] rule of law. I call on the Right Sector and other parties in Ukraine to refrain from the use or threat of violence. They need to hand over any unauthorised arms to the authorities immediately."[56]

روسيا

المقالة الرئيسية: Human rights in Russia

President Putin signed the new treason law on 12 November 2012. Ashton expressed concern at the new law "potentially penalizing contacts with foreign nationals with up to 20 years in prison" and reducing "the burden of proof for charges of treason and espionage". The United Nations Committee Against Torture stated that the new law could prohibit sharing information on the human rights situation in Russia with the United Nations human rights organs. According to Ashton, the March 2013 inspection wave in Russia seemed aimed at "undermining civil society activities".[57]

مصر

المقالة الرئيسية: Human rights in Egypt

بعد ثورة 25 يناير 2011، أصبحت كاثرين آشتون، الممثلة العليا للسياسة الخارجية والأمنية في الاتحاد الأوروبي، أحد أبرز الوسطاء الدوليين في المشهد السياسي المصري، حيث قامت بعدة زيارات متتالية والتقت مختلف الأطراف الفاعلة خلال المراحل الانتقالية المتعاقبة.

الزيارة الأولى واللقاءات مع المجلس العسكري (فبراير – مارس 2011)

قامت آشتون بزيارتها الأولى إلى مصر في أواخر فبراير 2011، ثم عادت في زيارة ثانية في 14 مارس 2011، التقت خلالها المشير حسين طنطاوي، رئيس المجلس الأعلى للقوات المسلحة، حيث بحث اللقاء المستجدات على الساحتين المحلية والإقليمية وسبل دعم الاتحاد الأوروبي للاقتصاد المصري في المرحلة الانتقالية، مؤكدة استعداد الاتحاد للتعاون مع الشركاء الدوليين لدعم مصر اقتصاديًا وديمقراطيًا. كما التقت في الزيارة نفسها الدكتور عصام شرف رئيس مجلس الوزراء، وعمرو موسى أمين عام جامعة الدول العربية، والدكتور محمد البرادعي رئيس الجمعية المصرية للتغيير، حيث أشارت إلى أنها لمست فرصة كبيرة لتحقيق الديمقراطية وإجراء انتخابات حرة ونزيهة.

اللقاءات مع الرئيس محمد مرسي (2012)

في 19 يوليو 2012، وصلت آشتون إلى القاهرة في زيارة استمرت يومين، كانت الأولى من نوعها بعد تولي الرئيس محمد مرسي منصبه، والتقت خلالها الرئيس مرسي والمشير حسين طنطاوي والأمين العام لجامعة الدول العربية نبيل العربي، لبحث سبل تقديم المساعدة لمصر سياسيًا واقتصاديًا وديمقراطيًا. وفي 14 نوفمبر 2012، استقبلها الرئيس مرسي مجددًا بمقر رئاسة الجمهورية، حيث تناولت المباحثات توسيع التعاون في مجالات الاستثمار والسياحة، بالإضافة إلى القضايا الإقليمية وفي مقدمتها الأزمة السورية والقضية الفلسطينية.

الوساطة خلال الأزمة السياسية (يوليو 2013)

بعد عزل محمد مرسي في 3 يوليو 2013، قامت آشتون بزيارتين متتاليتين إلى القاهرة خلال أقل من أسبوعين (17 و28 يوليو 2013)، التقت خلالهما الرئيس المؤقت عدلي منصور، ونائب الرئيس للعلاقات الدولية محمد البرادعي، ووزير الدفاع عبد الفتاح السيسي، وممثلي حزب النور وحركة تمرد وجماعة الإخوان المسلمين. وفي 29 يوليو 2013، أصبحت آشتون **أول مسؤول أجنبي** يلتقي الرئيس المعزول محمد مرسي منذ عزله، حيث أجرت معه محادثات استمرت ساعتين في موقع احتجازه، وصفتهما بأنهما كانتا "ودية وصريحة".

وفي 30 يوليو 2013، عقدت آشتون مؤتمرًا صحفيًا مشتركًا مع محمد البرادعي، أكدت فيه أن الاتحاد الأوروبي سيواصل جهوده للوساطة في الأزمة المصرية، داعية إلى وقف العنف وبدء عملية سياسية شاملة تضم جميع الأطراف. وقد شهد المؤتمر الصحفي لحظة لافتة عندما غادرت آشتون بشكل مفاجئ دون توضيح الأسباب، مما أثار جدلًا في الأوساط الإعلامية.

إدانة فض اعتصام رابعة (أغسطس 2013)

أدانت كاثرين آشتون "الاستخدام غير المتناسب" للقوة من جانب قوات الأمن المصرية في 14 أغسطس 2013، حين قتلت قوات الأمن أكثر من 1000 شخص خلال الفض العنيف لاعتصامات جماهيرية مناهضة للحكومة في ميداني رابعة العدوية والنهضة في القاهرة.[58][59]

زيارة أبريل 2014

في 9 أبريل 2014، عادت آشتون إلى القاهرة في زيارة استمرت يومين، التقت خلالها الرئيس المؤقت عدلي منصور ووزير الخارجية نبيل فهمي والأمين العام لجامعة الدول العربية نبيل العربي، بالإضافة إلى المرشحين الرئاسيين عبد الفتاح السيسي وحمدين صباحي، وذلك لمتابعة الاستعدادات للانتخابات الرئاسية المقررة في مايو 2014.

  • اجتماعاً عُقد في 7 أبريل 2013 بقصر الاتحادية الرئاسي بالقاهرة بين الرئيس المصري الراحل محمد مرسي ومسؤولة السياسة الخارجية بالاتحاد الأوروبي آنذاك كاثرين آشتون
    اجتماعاً عُقد في 7 أبريل 2013 بقصر الاتحادية الرئاسي بالقاهرة بين الرئيس المصري الراحل محمد مرسي ومسؤولة السياسة الخارجية بالاتحاد الأوروبي آنذاك كاثرين آشتون
  • لقاء رسمي بين الرئيس المصري المؤقت عدلي منصور والممثلة العليا للسياسة الخارجية والأمنية بالاتحاد الأوروبي كاثرين آشتون في القاهرة بتاريخ 17 يوليو 2013 لبحث التطورات السياسية وخارطة الطريق في مصر
    لقاء رسمي بين الرئيس المصري المؤقت عدلي منصور والممثلة العليا للسياسة الخارجية والأمنية بالاتحاد الأوروبي كاثرين آشتون في القاهرة بتاريخ 17 يوليو 2013 لبحث التطورات السياسية وخارطة الطريق في مصر
  • كاثرين آشتون أثناء اجتماعها مع الفريق أول عبد الفتاح السيسي (وزير الدفاع والإنتاج الحربي آنذاك) في مقر وزارة الدفاع بالقاهرة في 29 يولويو 2013
    كاثرين آشتون أثناء اجتماعها مع الفريق أول عبد الفتاح السيسي (وزير الدفاع والإنتاج الحربي آنذاك) في مقر وزارة الدفاع بالقاهرة في 29 يولويو 2013
  • الممثلة العليا للاتحاد الأوروبي كاثرين آشتون خلال لقائها مع نائب الرئيس المصري المؤقت للعلاقات الدولية الدكتور محمد البرادعي بالقاهرة في يوليو 2013
    الممثلة العليا للاتحاد الأوروبي كاثرين آشتون خلال لقائها مع نائب الرئيس المصري المؤقت للعلاقات الدولية الدكتور محمد البرادعي بالقاهرة في يوليو 2013

التقييمات

Ashton (far right) with the rest of the Quartet on the Middle East (2010)
The European Commission, of which Ashton was Vice-President from 2010 to 2014

المرحلة المبكرة كممثل أعلى للاتحاد الأوروبي

Ashton was questioned by Members of the European Parliament in 2009 about her role as national treasurer in the British Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament in the 1980s, amid claims by its opponents that it may have had financial links to the Soviet Union. Ashton responded that she had not taken any "direct money from communist countries". Much of the organisation's funds had been "collected in buckets" at marches and demonstrations, she said, adding that she was the first to order an audit of CND's finances.[60] Her spokesman said: "She never visited the Soviet Union, she had no contacts with the Soviet Union and she never accepted money from Soviet sources ... She has never been a member of the Communist Party".[61]

In February 2010, Ashton was criticised within the EU community for not visiting Haiti in the wake of the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[62] A number of defence ministers reportedly also complained that she had not attended a European Defence Summit in Majorca.[63] More broadly, senior officials within her team were said to complain that she spoke only in "generalities".[62] A rumour that she switched off her phone after 8 pm every day was greeted by Ashton with ridicule.[64]

In February 2011, Ashton received the lowest grade in a survey rating the performance of European Commissioners. The survey, carried out by lobbying and PR company Burson-Marsteller, asked 324 Brussels policy-makers to rate the European Commissioners with a grade of A to E (A being the highest). Ashton scored an E for her performance, the only Commissioner to receive a grade below D.[65]

In March 2012, Ashton was criticised by Israeli politicians for comparing the shooting of Jewish children in Toulouse with the situation in Gaza.[66][67] Ashton told Palestinian youths at a UNRWA event, "When we think of what happened in Toulouse today, when we remember what happened in Norway a year ago, when we know what is happening in Syria, when we see what is happening in Gaza and Sderot and in different parts of the world – we remember young people and children who lose their lives."[68] After she was quoted in the press as not having mentioned the Israeli city of Sderot, Israeli politicians denounced her for equating the murder of three children and a rabbi in the shooting attack with the situation in Gaza. Her spokesman stated that her remark had been "grossly distorted" and that she had also referenced Israeli victims in Sderot, but this fact had been omitted from the original transcript.[69][70][71]

Ashton and Russian President Vladimir Putin, 3 June 2013

In counterpoint to earlier criticism of Ashton for not travelling enough, in September 2012 The Daily Telegraph criticised her for not being present in Brussels for enough European Commission meetings, reporting that Ashton had missed 21 out of 32 regular weekly meetings held so far that year. To the paper's complaint that Ashton's absences were "leaving Britain without a voice" at such meetings, European diplomatic officials said that, under EU treaties, commissioners serve as representatives not of individual member countries but of the European interest. Ashton's staff also pointed to her personal involvement in nuclear negotiations with Iran as among the international responsibilities that had kept her away from Commission meetings.[72]

The Polish Minister for European and Economic Affairs, Mikolaj Dowgielewicz, stated in 2011 that criticism of Ashton was "a lot of hot air" and that "she has an impossible job to do and she is doing it well. At the end of her time in office, people will be more positive about what she has done. She will leave a real legacy."[73]

Ashton was said in February 2010 to be angry over what she perceived as the "latent sexism" among some of her European peers that underpinned some of the criticisms aimed at her.[62] She told the press that her work was sometimes hampered by the limited resources provided to her. She is not, for example, provided with her own aeroplane: something taken for granted by U.S. Secretaries of State.[74]

المرحلة اللاحقة كممثل أعلى للاتحاد الأوروبي

The tone of public comment on Ashton's performance in office was subsequently to be influenced especially by her contributions to negotiations over Kosovo and Iran. In October 2013, Der Spiegel wrote of her:

But now the 57-year-old baroness is suddenly at the center of world diplomacy. And whenever she is mentioned, she earns praise for her hard-nosed negotiating skills, her stamina and her diplomatic talents. It is said that U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry has much faith in her. "She is discreet and perceptive, but also tenacious. That makes her an ideal negotiator", says Alexander Graf Lamsdorff, the head of Germany's business-friendly Free Democratic Party (FDP) in the European Parliament and a member of its Committee on Foreign Affairs.[75]

One of the critics of Ashton's appointment came to concede her effectiveness in office. In September 2013, Peter Oborne, the chief political commentator of The Daily Telegraph, wrote:

Well, let's admit we were all completely wrong. It is now obvious that Catherine Ashton has been a success. In her unobtrusive but determined way, she can boast real achievement. Last year a peace deal was struck between Serbia and Kosovo. Nobody had thought it possible. It was a massive step towards healing ancient hatreds and building economic prosperity. It was brokered by Baroness Ashton.... I have never met Baroness Ashton but I guess that one of her secrets is that she keeps her head down, does not flaunt her ego, and allows others to take the credit. It takes little imagination to envisage how a male politician from any of the main parties would have exploited the Kosovo peace-deal, or the Morsi visit. She just kept her head down and quietly got on with her job.[76]

In July 2014, as discussions took place on the selection of Ashton's successor, Paul Taylor of Reuters wrote in The New York Times, as part of a larger critique of the political nature of appointments to the European Commission:

While Ms. Ashton had some successes, brokering a first accord between Serbia and Kosovo and leading negotiations for an interim nuclear deal between Iran and world powers, critics say she has too often been missing in action closer to home.[77]

Reflecting on her record, in July 2014, Adam Boulton in the UK's Sunday Times concluded:

As the European Union's high representative for foreign affairs and security policy, Catherine Ashton still bestrides the international stage four years after Gordon Brown, the man who gave her the job, was expelled from the corridors of power. She was a surprise nominee to everyone including herself, and few would have expected then that her successor as Britain's commissioner would struggle to match Baroness Ashton in calibre and clout.[78]

الحياة الشخصية

ولدت كاثي أشتون في لانكشاير في 20 مارس 1956، وهي إبنة هارولد وكلير مارگريت أشتون. وتقيم في سان ألبانز مع زوجها، پيتر كيلنر، رئيس YouGov.[79] She has two children and three stepchildren.[80]

حصلت على درجة فخرية في جامعة شرق لندن عام 2005.[81]

المصادر

  1. ^ "Herman Van Rompuy and Lady Ashton chosen to lead EU". The Guardian. 20 November 2009. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  2. ^ جريدة الدستور
  3. ^ "The Baroness Ashton of Upholland, PC". Debrett's. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  4. ^ Brunsden, Jim (3 October 2008). "New EU Commissioner Named". European Voice. Archived from the original on October 19, 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
  5. ^ Minnion, John & Bolsover, Philip (1983). The CND Story. London, UK: Allison & Busby. ISBN 978-0-85031-487-8.
  6. ^ "Profile". Windsor Fellowship.org. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  7. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة rhul1
  8. ^ "Profile: EU foreign minister Baroness Ashton". BBC News. 6 December 2010. Archived from the original on 22 November 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
  9. ^ "Profile". Gingerbread.org.uk. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  10. ^ "Baroness Ashton of Upholland". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  11. ^ "Gay rights advocate Cathy Ashton is new EU foreign affairs chief". PinkNews. 20 November 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  12. ^ "New Cabinet appointments". Prime Minister's Office. 28 June 2007. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
  13. ^ Waterfield, Bruno (20 November 2009). "Profile: Baroness Ashton, EU's new foreign minister". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2011.
  14. ^ Chaffin, Joshua; Parker, George (4 October 2008). "EU president backs trade role for Ashton". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  15. ^ Under Article 245 (formerly Article 213) of the Treaty establishing the European Community as amended. "Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union: Part Six, Title I, Chapter 1, Section 4; The Commission, Articles 211 to 219". Legislation.gov.uk.
  16. ^ Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister (12 December 1984). "Lord Cockfield". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. col. 493W.
  17. ^ Lord Bach, Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Ministry of Justice (14 October 2008). "European Parliament (House of Lords Disqualification) Regulations 2008". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Lords. col. 676.
  18. ^ "European Parliament Focus briefing "Ashton backs Doha rescue in Q&A with MEPs"". European Parliament. 21 October 2008. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  19. ^ "Ashton wins emphatic endorsement from MEPs". POLITICO (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2026-04-28.
  20. ^ "EU and US reach deal in beef row". BBC News. 6 May 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  21. ^ Castle, Stephen (10 October 2008). "Europe and South Korea Sign Trade Pact". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
  22. ^ "EU and South Korea initial free trade deal". European Commission. 15 October 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  23. ^ Tolbaru, Ana-Maria (15 October 2009). "EU and South Korea sign trade pact". European Voice. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  24. ^ "EU set to cut tariffs on Latin American bananas". Stabroek News. 19 November 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  25. ^ "Belgian PM named as EU president". BBC News. 19 October 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  26. ^ "UK drops Blair, picks Ashton for EU role". Yahoo News. 19 November 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2015.[dead link]
  27. ^ "EU prolongs talks with Iran". POLITICO (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). 2014-07-21. Retrieved 2026-04-28.
  28. ^ Branigan, Tania; Harding, Luke; McCarthy, Rory; Chulov, Martin & Nasaw, Daniel (20 November 2009). "Catherine Ashton: 'As trade commissioner she had a good reputation'". The Guardian.
  29. ^ Charlemagne (15 December 2009). "Catherine Ashton and the British problem". The Economist. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020.
  30. ^ See, for example, Gardiner, Nile (21 May 2010). "Four Key Principles for a Conservative British Foreign Policy". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 May 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  31. ^ Gardiner, Nile (20 November 2009). "Baroness Ashton as EU Foreign Minister – is this the most ridiculous appointment in the history of the European Union?". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 23 November 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
  32. ^ Hannan, Daniel (10 October 2008). "Why I shall be voting against Peter Mandelson's replacement". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 23 July 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
  33. ^ أ ب Watt, Nicholas (20 November 2009). "Lady Ashton: Principled, charming ... or just plain lucky". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  34. ^ "No. 61092". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2014. p. N3.
  35. ^ "New Year Honours 2015: Diplomatic Service and Overseas List" (PDF). Government of the United Kingdom. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  36. ^ Rettman, Andrew (8 July 2010). "EU takes 'historic' step on new diplomatic service". EUobserver. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  37. ^ "The EU fight against piracy in the Horn of Africa" (PDF). European External Action Service. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  38. ^ "Statement by the spokesperson of EU High Representative Catherine Ashton following the disruption of pirate logistical dumps in Somalia by EU Naval Force – Operation Atalanta" (PDF). Council of the European Union. 15 May 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  39. ^ Morris, Chris (24 April 2013). "EU's Ashton sees 'brave' Kosovo deal as breakthrough". BBC News. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
  40. ^ "Editorial: A landmark deal in the Balkans". The Independent. 22 April 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  41. ^ "Serbia and Kosovo reach EU-brokered landmark accord". BBC News. 19 April 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  42. ^ "Moving Past the Last Balkan War". The New York Times. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  43. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (30 July 2013). "Egypt's deposed president Morsi is safe and well, confirms EU's top diplomat". The Guardian.
  44. ^ "Egypt's ousted president Mohamed Morsi alive and well, says EU's Ashton - video". The Guardian. 30 July 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  45. ^ Day, Elizabeth (4 August 2013). "How Baroness Ashton's gift for consensus opened the door to Mohamed Morsi". The Observer. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  46. ^ Traynor, Ian (24 November 2013). "Iran nuclear talks: Lady Ashton's Geneva triumph takes centre stage". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  47. ^ Norman, Laurence & Solomon, Jay (9 November 2013). "Iran Nuclear Talks End Without Deal". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  48. ^ أ ب Ashton, Catherine (11 December 2013). "Message by EU High Representative Catherine Ashton to Maidan protesters". Europa. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  49. ^ Morris, Chris (24 April 2013). "EU's Ashton sees "brave" Kosovo deal as breakthrough". BBC News. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  50. ^ Norman, Laurence (24 December 2013). "A Nobel Peace Prize for Catherine Ashton in 2014?". The Wall Street Journal.
  51. ^ ""Open letter for the Nobel Peace Prize nomination," by S&D Group president, Hannes Swoboda". Socialists & Democrats. 29 January 2014.
  52. ^ Spiegeleisen, Peter (27 November 2013). "Ashton no longer the diplomatic dilettante". Financial Times.
  53. ^ "Dmitry Rogozin: If Ukrainian protests are peaceful, Catherine Ashton is a ballerina". Pravda.ru. 21 February 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  54. ^ MacAskill, Ewen (5 March 2014). "Ukraine crisis: bugged call reveals conspiracy theory about Kiev snipers". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  55. ^ Waldie, Paul (8 March 2014). "Prominent Ukrainian Doctor is no ordinary revolutionary". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  56. ^ Ashton, Catherine (28 March 2014). "Statement by EU High Representative Catherine Ashton on recent events around the Parliament of Ukraine" (PDF). European External Action Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 18, 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  57. ^ "Laws of Attrition: Crackdown on Russia's Civil Society after Putin's Return to the Presidency". Human Rights Watch. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  58. ^ "U.S. condemns killings of Egypt protesters, Turkey wants U.N. action". Reuters. 14 August 2013.
  59. ^ "All According to Plan: The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt". Human Rights Watch. 12 August 2014.
  60. ^ "EU's new High Representative Catherine Ashton says that she would help Europe 'punch its weight' politically". The Information Daily. 3 December 2009. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  61. ^ Waterfield, Bruno & Kirkup, James (25 November 2009). "Baroness Ashton questioned over CND and Soviet money". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  62. ^ أ ب ت Mock, Vanessa (16 February 2010). "French 'sexism' blamed for attacks on Baroness Ashton". The Independent. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  63. ^ Charter, David & Keeley, Graham (26 February 2010). "Baroness Ashton under fire for missing European defence summit". The Times. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011.
  64. ^ Day, Elizabeth (4 July 2013). "How Baroness Ashton's gift for consensus opened the door to Mohamed Morsi". The Observer. There was even a damaging rumour that she turned off her phone every night at 8pm. Ashton's response: "I've never turned my phone off in four years ... I'm never out of reach, I'm never off duty and I never refuse to take messages unless I'm on a plane. It was a rumour that went around for reasons I don't understand. It's never been true."
  65. ^ Waterfield, Bruno (9 February 2011). "Baroness Ashton bottom of class as she 'fails' first year in office". The Daily Telegraph.
  66. ^ Buck, Tobias (20 March 2012). "Ashton slammed for Toulouse-Gaza link". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  67. ^ Shefler, Gil (20 March 2012). "Gunman kills four Jews outside French school". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  68. ^ "Speech by High Representative Catherine Ashton at the high-level conference Engaging youth—Palestine Refugees in the changing Middle East" (PDF). Council of the European Union. 19 March 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  69. ^ Waterfield, Bruno (20 March 2012). "Toulouse school shootings: Israel demands Baroness Ashton resign after she compares incident to Gaza". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  70. ^ Ben Zion, Ilan & Fisher, Gabe (20 March 2012). "Netanyahu slams Ashton for 'unthinkable' comparison of deaths in Toulouse and Gaza". The Times of Israel.
  71. ^ "EU corrects Ashton speech transcript after Israeli anger". YnetNews. 20 March 2012. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
  72. ^ Waterfield, Bruno (20 September 2012). "Baroness Ashton absent from two-thirds of European Commission meetings". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  73. ^ Carroll, Dean (6 September 2011). "Catherine Ashton for a second term at the EEAS?". Public Service Europe. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  74. ^ Rettman, Andrew (8 March 2010). "Ashton throws down the gauntlet over Gaza trip". EUobserver. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  75. ^ Schmitz, Gregor Peter & Schult, Christoph (1 October 2013). "Europe's Unsung Chief Diplomat". Spiegel Online International. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  76. ^ Oborne, Peter (27 September 2013). "We were all wrong about Baroness Ashton. She may save the Iran nuclear talks". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  77. ^ Taylor, Paul (July 21, 2014). "The European Union's Strange Path to Picking Leaders". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  78. ^ Boulton, Adam (13 July 2014). "Dave seeks a 'big woman' to fill Baroness Brussels' big shoes". The Times.
  79. ^ "Person Page – 12633". thepeerage.com. 2006-05-09. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
  80. ^ BBC News profile, updated 19 Nov 2009
  81. ^ "UEL Alumni Newsletter".

وصلات خارجية

المناصب

مناصب سياسية
سبقه
البارونة أموس 		زعيم مجلس اللوردات
2007–2008 		تبعه
البارونة رويال من بلايسدون
اللورد رئيس المجلس
2007–2008
سبقه
پيتر ماندلسون 		المفوض الأوروپي للتجارة
2008–2010 		تبعه
بانيتا فيريرو-والدنر
مفوضة الاتحاد الأوروپي من المملكة المتحدة
2008–2014 		تبعه
لورد هيل من اوارفورد
سبقه
خافير سولانا 		الممثل السامي لشئون السياسة الخارجية والأمن للاتحاد الأوروپي
2010–2014 		تبعه
فدريكا موگريني
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=كاثرين_آشتون&oldid=4376475"