زقوم

(تم التحويل من Elaeagnus)

زقوم
American silverberry (Elaeagnus commutata)
التصنيف العلمي e
أصنوفة غير معروفة (أصلحها): Elaeagnus
Species

See text

Synonyms[1]

Octarillum Lour.

Elaeagnus is a genus of about 90 species of flowering plants in the family Elaeagnaceae.[2] Species of the genus are commonly known as silverberry or oleaster.

Description

Elaeagnus plants are deciduous or evergreen shrubs or small trees.[2] The alternate leaves and the shoots are usually covered with tiny silvery to brownish scales, giving the plants a whitish to grey-brown colour from a distance. The flowers are small, with a four-lobed calyx and no petals; they are often fragrant. The fruit is a fleshy drupe containing a single seed; it is edible in many species. Several species are cultivated for their fruit, including E. angustifolia, E. umbellata, and E. multiflora (gumi). E. umbellata contains the carotenoid lycopene.[3]

Taxonomy

The genus Elaeagnus was erected in 1754 by Carl Linnaeus, who attributed the name to Joseph Pitton de Tournefort.[4][5] There is agreement that the name is based on Theophrastus's use of the Ancient Greek word ἐλαίαγνος (elaíagnos, latinized to elaeagnus) as the name of a shrub.[6] The first part of the name, elae-, is from ἐλαία, 'olive'. Sources differ on the origin of the second part: it may be from ἄγνος, Vitex agnus-castus, the chaste tree,[6] or from the Greek name for a kind of willow.[7] In either case, the second part is derived from ἁγνός (hagnós), meaning 'pure', 'chaste'.[8]

Species

اعتبارا من ديسمبر 2025, Plants of the World Online accepts the following 93 species and three hybrids:[1]

Accepted hybrids

Species names with uncertain taxonomic status

The status of the following species is unresolved:[9]

  • Elaeagnus asakawana Sa.Kurata
  • Elaeagnus cyanea Aiton ex Steud.
  • Elaeagnus emarginata Colla
  • Elaeagnus fruticosa (Lour.) A.Chev.
  • Elaeagnus fusca Pépin ex Lem.
  • Elaeagnus laetevirens Lindb.
  • Elaeagnus nagasakiana Nakai
  • Elaeagnus oleaster L.
  • Elaeagnus × pyramidalis Browicz & Bugala (E. commutata × E. multiflora)

Habitat

The vast majority of the species are native to temperate and subtropical regions of Asia.[2] Elaeagnus triflora extends from Asia south into northeastern Australia, while E. commutata is native to North America, and Elaeagnus philippinensis is native to the Philippines. One of the Asian species, E. angustifolia, may also be native in southeasternmost Europe, though it may instead be an early human introduction there. Also, several Asiatic species of Elaeagnus have become established as introduced species in North America, with some of these species being considered invasive, or even designated as noxious, in portions of the United States.[2][10][11]

Ecology

Elaeagnus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora elaeagnisella and the Gothic moths. The thorny shrubs can also provide good nesting sites for birds.

Nitrogen fixation

Many Elaeagnus species harbor nitrogen-fixing organisms in their roots, so are able to grow well in low-nitrogen soils.[2] This ability results in multiple ecological consequences where these Elaeagnus species are present. They can become invasive in many locations where they are established as exotic species. Two species (E. pungens and E. umbellata) are currently rated as category II noxious, invasive species in many world regions[2] and by the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council.[11]

Cultivation

Elaeagnus species are widely cultivated for their showy, often variegated, foliage, and numerous cultivars and hybrids have been developed.[12]

The fruit is acidic and somewhat astringent.[2] It makes good tarts.[13]

E. angustifolia cultivated as bonsai

Notable species and hybrids in cultivation include:-

The hybrid Elaeagnus × submacrophylla[14] and the cultivar 'Gilt Edge'[15] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[16]

Berries from a large-fruited cultivar
Elaeagnus oldhamii

References

  1. ^ أ ب ت "Elaeagnus Tourn. ex L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2025. Retrieved 23 ديسمبر 2025.
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Rojas-Sandoval, J.; Pasiecznik, N. (11 نوفمبر 2016). "Elaeagnus umbellata (autumn olive)". CABI Compendium. Vol. CABI Compendium. CABI. p. 20728. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.20728. Retrieved 8 فبراير 2018.
  3. ^ Fordham, Ingrid M.; Clevidence, Beverly A.; Wiley, Eugene R.; Zimmerman, Richard H. (2001). "Fruit of autumn olive : A rich source of lycopene". HortScience. 36 (6): 1136–7. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.36.6.1136. ISSN 0018-5345.
  4. ^ "Elaeagnus Tourn. ex L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 13 أكتوبر 2021.
  5. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1754). "148. Elaeagnus". Genera Plantarum (5 ed.). Holmia (Stockholm): Laurentius Salvius. p. 57. Retrieved 13 أكتوبر 2021.
  6. ^ أ ب Gilbert-Carter, H. (1955), Glossary of the British Flora (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 30 
  7. ^ Johnson, A.T. & Smith, H.A. (1972). Plant Names Simplified : Their Pronunciation Derivation & Meaning. Buckenhill, Herefordshire: Landsmans Bookshop. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-900513-04-6.
  8. ^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert, A Greek-English Lexicon, Department of the Classics, Tufts University, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=A%28GNO%2FS, retrieved on 2021-10-13 
  9. ^ "The Plant List entry for Myrica". The Plant List, v.1.1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. سبتمبر 2013. Retrieved 14 ديسمبر 2020.
  10. ^ قالب:BONAP
  11. ^ أ ب "Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council Invasive Plant Lists". Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council. Archived from the original on 19 أبريل 2021. Retrieved 6 فبراير 2012.
  12. ^ RHS A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1-4053-3296-5.
  13. ^ Maiden, J. H. (1889). The Useful Native Plants of Australia: Including Tasmania. Turner and Henderson, Sydney.
  14. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Elaeagnus × submacrophylla". Retrieved 5 يونيو 2020.
  15. ^ "Eleagnus × ebbengei 'Gilt Edge'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 5 يونيو 2020.
  16. ^ "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. يوليو 2017. p. 35. Retrieved 6 فبراير 2018.

External links

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