قائمة الثدييات

خطأ: الصورة غير صحيحة أو غير موجودة

Mammalia is a class of vertebrate animals. Members of this class are called mammals. It comprises 5,909 extant species, which are grouped into 163 families, themselves grouped into 27 orders in 3 major divisions. These orders can contain between one and thousands of species, grouped into genera and then into families. Mammals are characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in females produce milk for feeding their young, a neocortex region of the brain, and fur or hair.^[1]^[2]^[3] Mammals are native to all major land masses and the oceans, and can be found worldwide. They live in every habitat on Earth. The basic mammalian body type is quadrupedal, with most mammals using four limbs for terrestrial locomotion, but in some the limbs are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees or underground. They range in length from Kitti's hog-nosed bat, at 2 cm (1 in) with no tail, to the blue whale, at 32.6 m (107 ft) long, including tail.

The three major divisions of mammals are the infraclass Marsupialia, containing the marsupial animals wherein the young are carried in a pouch; the infraclass Placentalia, for which the fetus is carried in the uterus, and the order Monotremata, containing egg-laying species.^[4] Marsupialia contains 334 species, Monotremata contains 5, and Placentalia contains the vast majority of extant mammals at 5,570 species. The majority of mammals, in terms of number of species, are in the two largest orders: Rodentia, or rodents, with 2,360 species, and Chiroptera, or bats, with 1,318.^[5]^[6] The exact organization of the species is not fixed, with many recent proposals made based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. In addition to the extant mammals, 70 species have been driven extinct since 1500 CE.

Conventions

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The author citation for the species or genus is given after the scientific name; parentheses around the author citation indicate that this was not the original taxonomic placement. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the collective range of species in that genera is provided. Ranges are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera or species listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

التبويب

The class Mammalia consists of 5,909 extant species grouped into 1,295 genera belonging to 163 families. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Modern molecular studies indicate that the 163 families can be grouped into 27 orders; these orders are divided into 3 major groupings: Marsupialia, an infraclass containing 7 orders of mammals which give birth to relatively undeveloped young that often reside in a pouch located on their mothers' abdomen for a time; Placentalia, an infraclass containing 19 orders of mammals that have fetuses that are carried in the uterus, and Monotremata, an order of egg-laying mammals.^[4] Within these groupings, the orders are organized into named clades, and some of these orders are subdivided into named suborders. An additional 70 species have been driven extinct since 1500 CE: 13 in Marsupialia and 57 in Placentalia.

Infraclass Marsupialia

Ameridelphia
- Order Didelphimorphia (opossums): 1 family, 93 species (1 extinct)
- Order Paucituberculata (shrew opossums) : 1 family, 7 species
Superorder Australidelphia
- Order Dasyuromorphia (Australian carnivorous marsupials): 2 families, 73 species (1 extinct)
- Order Diprotodontia (kangaroos and possums)
  - Suborder Macropodiformes (kangaroos and potoroos): 3 families, 80 species (8 extinct)
  - Suborder Phalangeriformes (possums): 6 families, 64 species
  - Suborder Vombatiformes (koala and wombats): 2 families, 4 species
- Order Microbiotheria (monito del monte): 1 family, 2 species
- Order Notoryctemorphia (marsupial mole): 1 family, 2 species
- Order Peramelemorphia (bandicoots and bilbies): 3 families, 20 species (1 extinct)

Infraclass Placentalia

Superorder Afrotheria
- Order Afrosoricida (golden moles and tenrecs)
  - Suborder Chrysochloridea (golden moles): 1 family, 21 species
  - Suborder Tenrecomorpha (otter shrews and tenrecs): 2 families, 34 species
- Order Hyracoidea (hyraxes): 1 family, 5 species
- Order Macroscelidea (elephant shrews): 1 family, 19 species
- Order Proboscidea (elephants): 1 family, 3 species
- Order Sirenia (sea cows): 2 families, 5 species (1 extinct)
- Order Tubulidentata (aardvark): 1 families, 1 species
Superorder Euarchontoglires
- Order Scandentia (treeshrews): 2 families, 23 species
- Order Dermoptera (colugos): 1 family, 2 species
- Order Lagomorpha (hares and pikas): 2 families, 93 species
- Order Primates (primates)
  - Suborder Haplorhini (monkeys and apes): 9 families, 389 species
  - Suborder Strepsirrhini (lemurs and galagos): 7 families, 142 species
- Order Rodentia (rodents)
  - Suborder Anomaluromorpha (scaly-tailed squirrels and springhares): 2 families, 9 species
  - Suborder Castorimorpha (gophers and kangaroo rats): 3 families, 101 species
  - Suborder Hystricomorpha (porcupines, mole-rats and Neotropical spiny rats): 18 families, 301 species (15 extinct)
  - Suborder Myomorpha (mice and rats): 9 families, 1,673 species (24 extinct)
  - Suborder Sciuromorpha (dormice and squirrels): 3 families, 314 species

Superorder Laurasiatheria
- Order Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates)
  - Suborder Ruminantia (ruminants): 6 families, 227 species
  - Suborder Suina (pigs and peccaries): 2 families, 20 species
  - Suborder Tylopoda (camels): 1 family, 7 species
  - Suborder Whippomorpha (whales and hippopotamuses): 15 families, 99 species
- Order Carnivora (wolves and cats)
  - Suborder Caniformia (wolves, weasels, and seals): 9 families, 173 species (2 extinct)
  - Suborder Feliformia (cats and mongooses): 6 families, 125 species
- Order Chiroptera (bats)
  - Suborder Yangochiroptera (leaf-nosed and vesper bats): 14 families, 929 species (3 extinct)
  - Suborder Yinpterochiroptera (fruit and horseshoe bats): 6 families, 398 species (6 extinct)
- Order Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs and shrews): 4 families, 485 species
- Order Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates)
  - Suborder Ceratomorpha (rhinoceroses and tapirs): 2 families, 9 species
  - Suborder Hippomorpha (horses): 1 family, 9 species
- Order Pholidota (pangolins): 1 family, 8 species
Superorder Xenarthra
- Order Cingulata (armadillos): 2 families, 22 species
- Order Pilosa (sloths and anteaters)
  - Suborder Folivora (sloths): 2 families, 6 species
  - Suborder Vermilingua (anteaters): 2 families, 3 species

Order Monotremata (platypus and echidnas): 2 families, 5 species

Mammalia^[7]

Marsupialia

Australidelphia

	Dasyuromorphia

	Peramelemorphia

Placentalia

Xenarthra

	Cingulata

	Pilosa

Afrotheria

Tubulidentata

	Macroscelidea

	Afrosoricida

Hyracoidea

	Proboscidea

	Sirenia

Euarchontoglires

Scandentia

	Dermoptera

	Primates

	Lagomorpha

	Rodentia

Laurasiatheria

Eulipotyphla

Chiroptera

	Artiodactyla

	Perissodactyla

	Pholidota

	Carnivora

Monotremata

الثدييات

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.^[5]^[6]

Infraclass Marsupialia

Marsupialia is one of the three main divisions of mammals, and contains 334 extant species. It is distinguished from the other two groups in that marsupials give birth to relatively undeveloped young that often reside in a pouch located on their mothers' abdomen for a certain amount of time.^[4] It is divided into two groupings: the superorder Australidelphia and Ameridelphia, which was previously considered a superorder but is now regarded as a paraphyletic group. Ameridelphia contains 99 extant species in 2 orders, each containing a single family: Didelphimorphia, or the opossums, and Paucituberculata, or the shrew opossums. Australidelphia contains 235 extant species in 18 families, grouped into 5 orders: Dasyuromorphia, or the Australian carnivorous marsupials; Diprotodontia, or the kangaroos and possums; Microbiotheria, or the monito del montes; and Notoryctemorphia, or the marsupial moles; and Peramelemorphia, or the bandicoots and bilbies. One additional species in Ameridelphia and twelve in Australidelphia were driven extinct in modern times.

Ameridelphia

Didelphimorphia

Members of the Didelphimorphia order are called didelphimorphs or opossums. They are found in North and South America, Australia, and southeastern Asia and are omnivorous, eating insects, small vertebrates, and vegetation. Didelphimorphia comprises a single family of 92 extant species in 18 genera. One additional species was driven extinct in modern times.

Not assigned to a named clade – one family
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Didelphidae (opossum)	Gray, 1821 93 species (1 extinct) in 18 genera Subfamily Caluromyinae: Caluromys (3 species) Caluromysiops (1 species) Subfamily Didelphinae: Chacodelphys (1 species) Chironectes (1 species) Cryptonanus (5 species (1 extinct)) Didelphis (6 species, Virginia opossum pictured) Gracilinanus (6 species) Lestodelphys (1 species) Lutreolina (2 species) Marmosa (15 species) Marmosops (17 species) Metachirus: (1 species) Monodelphis (17 species) Philander (5 species) Thylamys (9 species) Tlacuatzin (1 species) Subfamily Glironiinae: Glironia (1 species) Subfamily Hyladelphinae: Hyladelphys (1 species)	North America and South America	نطاق الأحجام: 6 cm (2 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail (pygmy short-tailed opossum) to 50 cm (20 in) long, plus 47 cm (19 in) tail (Virginia opossum)^[8] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, grassland, savanna, inland wetlands, and desert^[9] المآكل: Omnivorous, including insects, other invertebrates, small vertebrates, eggs, seeds, fruit, and nectar^[10]

Paucituberculata

Members of the Paucituberculata order are called paucituberculatans or shrew opossums. They are found in western South America and are omnivorous, eating larva, small vertebrates, and vegetation. Paucituberculata comprises a single family of seven extant species in three genera.

Not assigned to a named clade – one family
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Caenolestidae (shrew opossum)	Trouessart, 1898 7 species in 3 genera Caenolestes (5 species, eastern caenolestid pictured) Lestoros (1 species) Rhyncholestes (1 species)	Western South America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 9 cm (4 in) long, plus 10 cm (4 in) tail (Incan caenolestid) to 15 cm (6 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (northern caenolestid)^[11] الموائل: Forest and shrubland^[12] المآكل: Invertebrate larvae, small vertebrates, fruit, and vegetation^[13]

Superorder Australidelphia

Dasyuromorphia

Members of the Dasyuromorphia order are called dasyuromorphs or Australian carnivorous marsupials and include the marsupial shrews and the numbat. They are found in Australia and New Guinea and are carnivorous, eating a wide variety of vertebrates and invertebrates. Dasyuromorphia comprises 2 families containing 72 extant species in 14 genera. One additional family containing a single species was driven extinct in modern times.

Not assigned to a named clade – three families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Dasyuridae (marsupial shrew)	Goldfuss, 1820 71 species in 13 genera Subfamily Dasyurinae: Antechinus (10 species) Dasycercus (2 species) Dasykaluta (1 species) Dasyuroides (1 species) Dasyurus (6 species) Murexia (5 species) Myoictis (4 species) Neophascogale (1 species) Parantechinus (1 species) Phascogale (3 species) Phascolosorex (2 species) Pseudantechinus (6 species) Sarcophilus (1 species, Tasmanian devil pictured) Subfamily Sminthopsinae: Antechinomys (1 species) Ningaui (3 species) Planigale (5 species) Sminthopsis (18 species)	Australia and New Guinea	نطاق الأحجام: 4 cm (2 in) long, plus 9 cm (4 in) tail (southern ningaui) to 65 cm (26 in) long, plus 26 cm (10 in) tail (Tasmanian devil)^[14] الموائل: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, rocky areas, desert, and caves^[15] المآكل: Wide variety of vertebrates and invertebrates^[16]
Myrmecobiidae (numbat) numbat	Waterhouse, 1841 1 species in 1 genus Myrmecobius (1 species, numbat pictured)	Scattered Australia Map of range	الحجم: 20–29 cm (8–11 in) long, plus 12–21 cm (5–8 in) tail^[17] الموائل: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and desert^[18] المأكل: Termites and ants, as well as other invertebrates^[19]
Thylacinidae † (thylacine)	C. L. Bonaparte, 1838 1 extinct species in 1 genus Thylacinus † (1 extinct species)	Tasmania Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 123–195 cm (48–77 in) long, plus 50–66 cm (20–26 in) tail^[20] الموائل: Forest and grassland^[21] المآكل: Kangaroos, wallabies, small mammals, and birds^[22]

Diprotodontia

Members of the Diprotodontia order are called diprotodonts and include kangaroos, wallabies, potoroos, possums, the koala, and wombats. They are found in Australia and southeastern Asia and are omnivorous, but primarily eat a wide variety of vegetation and invertebrates. Diprotodontia comprises 11 families containing 140 extant species in 39 genera. These families are divided between three suborders: Macropodiformes, containing the kangaroos, wallabies, and potoroos; Phalangeriformes, or the possums; and Vombatiformes, or the koala and wombats. Eight additional kangaroo and potoroo species were driven extinct in modern times.

Suborder Macropodiformes – Ameghino, 1889 – three families (full list)
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Hypsiprymnodontidae (musky rat-kangaroo) Tasmanian devil	Collett, 1877 1 species in 1 genera Hypsiprymnodon (1 species, musky rat-kangaroo pictured)	Northeastern Australia Map of range	الحجم: 15–27 cm (6–11 in) long, plus 12–16 cm (5–6 in) tail^[23] الموائل: Forest^[24] المأكل: Insects and worms, as well as berries and roots^[25]
Macropodidae (kangaroo or wallaby)	Gray, 1821 67 species (4 extinct) in 13 genera Subfamily Macropodinae (kangaroo or wallaby): Dendrolagus (14 species) Dorcopsis (4 species) Dorcopsulus (2 species) Lagorchestes (4 species (2 extinct)) Macropus (2 species, Eastern gray kangaroo pictured) Notamacropus (8 species (1 extinct)) Osphranter (4 species) Onychogalea (3 species (1 extinct)) Petrogale (16 species) Setonix (1 species) Thylogale (7 species) Wallabia (1 species) Subfamily Sthenurinae (banded hare-wallaby): Lagostrophus (1 species)	Australia and New Guinea	نطاق الأحجام: 29 cm (11 in) long, plus 22 cm (9 in) tail (nabarlek) to 230 cm (91 in) long, plus 109 cm (43 in) tail (eastern grey kangaroo)^[26] الموائل: Desert, grassland, forest, shrubland, savanna, inland wetlands, and rocky areas^[27] المآكل: Wide variety of plant material^[28]
Potoroidae (potoroo or rat-kangaroo)	Gray, 1821 12 species (4 extinct) in 3 genera (1 extinct) Aepyprymnus (1 species) Bettongia (6 species (2 extinct)) Caloprymnus † (1 extinct species) Potorous (4 species (1 extinct), long-nosed potoroo pictured)	Eastern and scattered southern Australia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 26 cm (10 in) long, plus 18 cm (7 in) tail (long-nosed potoroo) to 34 cm (13 in) long, plus 48 cm (19 in) tail (rufous rat-kangaroo)^[29] الموائل: Desert, forest, shrubland, savanna, and inland wetlands^[30] المآكل: Omnivorous, especially fungi^[25]

Suborder Phalangeriformes – Szalay, 1982 – six families (full list)
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Acrobatidae (feather-tailed possum or feather-tailed glider)	Aplin, 1987 2 species in 2 genera Acrobates (1 species, feathertail glider pictured) Distoechurus (1 species)	Eastern Australia and New Guinea	نطاق الأحجام: 5 cm (2 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail (feathertail glider) to 11 cm (4 in) long, plus 16 cm (6 in) tail (feather-tailed possum)^[23] الموائل: Forest^[31] المآكل: Flowers, fruit, and invertebrates^[32]
Burramyidae (pygmy possum) Mountain pygmy possum	Broom, 1989 5 species in 2 genera Burramys (1 species, mountain pygmy possum pictured) Cercartetus (4 species)	New Guinea and southern and northeastern Australia	نطاق الأحجام: 5 cm (2 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail (Tasmanian pygmy possum) to 11 cm (4 in) long, plus 14 cm (6 in) tail (mountain pygmy possum)^[33] الموائل: Shrubland and forest^[34] المآكل: Invertebrates and vegetation^[35]
Petauridae (possum)	C. L. Bonaparte, 1838 11 species in 3 genera Dactylopsila (4 species) Gymnobelideus (1 species) Petaurus (6 species, mahogany glider pictured)	New Guinea and northern, eastern, and southern Australia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 15 cm (6 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (Leadbeater's possum) to 31 cm (12 in) long, plus 47 cm (19 in) tail (yellow-bellied glider)^[36] الموائل: Forest and savanna^[37] المآكل: Sap, flowers, nectar, invertebrates, and small vertebrates^[38]
Phalangeridae (cuscus) Southern brown cuscus	Thomas, 1888 27 species in 6 genera Subfamily Ailuropinae: Ailurops (2 species) Subfamily Phalangerinae: Phalanger (13 species, southern common cuscus pictured) Spilocuscus (5 species) Strigocuscus (2 species) Trichosurus (4 species) Wyulda (1 species)	New Guinea, Sulawesi island and nearby islands in Indonesia, and scattered Australia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 30 cm (12 in) long, plus 28 cm (11 in) tail (scaly-tailed possum) to 69 cm (27 in) long, plus 65 cm (26 in) tail (black-spotted cuscus)^[39] الموائل: Forest, savanna, and rocky areas^[40] المآكل: Leaves, flowers, and fruit, as well as insects and eggs^[41]
Pseudocheiridae (ringtail possum) Common ringtail possum	Winge, 1893 18 species in 6 genera Subfamily Hemibelideinae (greater glider): Hemibelideus (1 species) Petauroides (1 species) Subfamily Pseudocheirinae (ringtail possum): Petropseudes (1 species) Pseudocheirus (2 species, common ringtail possum pictured) Pseudochirulus (8 species) Subfamily Pseudochiropsinae (false ringtail possum): Pseudochirops (5 species)	New Guinea and northern, eastern, and southern Australia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 17 cm (7 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (pygmy ringtail possum) to 45 cm (18 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail (southern greater glider)^[42] الموائل: Forest, savanna, grassland, and rocky areas^[43] المآكل: Leaves and fruit^[44]
Tarsipedidae (honey possum) honey possum	Gervais & Verreaux, 1842 1 species in 1 genus Tarsipes (1 species, honey possum pictured)	Southwestern Australia	الحجم: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 7–11 cm (3–4 in) tail^[45] الموائل: Shrubland^[46] المأكل: Nectar and pollen^[47]

Suborder Vombatiformes – Burnett, 1830 – two families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Phascolarctidae (koala)	Owen, 1839 1 species in 1 genus Phascolarctos (1 species, koala pictured)	Southern and eastern Australia	الحجم: 67–82 cm (26–32 in) long^[48] الموائل: Forest and shrubland^[49] المأكل: Eucalyptus leaves and bark, as well as other leaves^[50]
Vombatidae (wombat)	Burnett, 1830 3 species in 2 genera Lasiorhinus (2 species) Vombatus (1 species, common wombat pictured)	Southern and eastern Australia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 84 cm (33 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail (southern hairy-nosed wombat) to 115 cm (45 in) long, with no tail (common wombat)^[48] الموائل: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[51] المآكل: Grass, roots, bark, and fungi^[52]

Microbiotheria

Members of the Microbiotheria order are called microbiotherians or monito del montes. They are found in southwestern South America and eat vegetation and invertebrates. Microbiotheria comprises a single family containing two extant species in a single genus.

Not assigned to a named clade – one family
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Microbiotheriidae (monito del monte)	Ameghino, 1889 2 species in 1 genus Dromiciops (2 species, southern monito del monte pictured)	Southwestern South America	نطاق الأحجام: 8 cm (3 in) long, plus 9 cm (4 in) tail (southern monito del monte) to about 17 cm (7 in) long, plus about 9 cm (4 in) tail (Pancho's monito del monte)^[53] الموائل: Forest^[54] المآكل: Insects and other invertebrates, as well as vegetable matter^[55]

Notoryctemorphia

Members of the Notoryctemorphia order are called notoryctemorphs or marsupial moles. They are found in central Australia and eat insects and seeds. Notoryctemorphia comprises a single family containing two extant species in a single genus.

Not assigned to a named clade – one family
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Notoryctidae (marsupial mole)	Ogilby, 1892 2 species in 1 genus Notoryctes (2 species, southern marsupial mole pictured)	Central Australia	نطاق الأحجام: 8 cm (3 in) long, plus 1 cm (0.4 in) tail (northern marsupial mole) to 14 cm (6 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail (southern marsupial mole)^[56] الموائل: Shrubland, grassland, and desert^[57] المآكل: Insects and seeds^[58]

Peramelemorphia

Members of the Peramelemorphia order are called peramelemorphs and include bandicoots and bilbies. They are found in Australia and New Guinea and are omnivorous. Peramelemorphia comprises two families containing 19 extant species in 7 genera. Three additional species, including the sole member of a third family, were driven extinct in modern times.

Not assigned to a named clade – three families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Chaeropodidae † (pig-footed bandicoot) pig-footed bandicoot	Gill, 1872 1 extinct species in 1 genus Chaeropus † (1 extinct species)	Central and western Australia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 23–26 cm (9–10 in) long, plus 10–14 cm (4–6 in) tail^[59] الموائل: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[60] المآكل: Believed to be omnivorous^[59]
Peramelidae (bandicoot)	Gill, 1872 19 species (1 extinct) in 6 genera Subfamily Echymiperinae (spiny bandicoot): Echymipera (5 species) Microperoryctes (4 species) Rhynchomeles (1 species) Subfamily Peramelinae (bandicoot): Isoodon (3 species, southern brown bandicoot pictured) Perameles (4 species (1 extinct)) Subfamily Peroryctinae (New Guinean long-nosed bandicoot): Peroryctes (2 species)	Australia and New Guinea Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 15 cm (6 in) long, plus 10 cm (4 in) tail (mouse bandicoot) to 44 cm (17 in) long, plus 16 cm (6 in) tail (long-nosed bandicoot)^[61] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, savanna, grassland, inland wetlands, and desert^[62] المآكل: Omnivorous^[63]
Thylacomyidae (bilby)	Bensley, 1903 2 species (1 extinct) in 1 genus Macrotis (2 species (1 extinct), greater bilby pictured)	Western and central Australia	نطاق الأحجام: 33–55 cm (13–22 in) long, plus 20–29 cm (8–11 in) tail (greater bilby)^[64] الموائل: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[65] المآكل: Insects, as well as small vertebrates and vegetation^[66]

Infraclass Placentalia

Placentalia is one of the three main divisions of mammals, and contains the vast majority of extant species with 5,570 species. It is distinguished from the other two groups in that the placental animals have fetuses that are carried in the uterus.^[4] It is divided into four superorders: Afrotheria, Euarchontoglires, Laurasiatheria, and Xenarthra.

Afrotheria contains 87 extant species in 9 families, grouped into 6 orders: Afrosoricida, the golden moles and tenrecs; Hyracoidea, or hyraxes; Macroscelidea, or elephant shrews; Proboscidea, or elephants; Sirenia, or dugongs and manatees; and Tubulidentata, or aardvarks. Euarchontoglires contains 2,982 extant species in 56 families, grouped into 5 orders: Scandentia, or the treeshrews; Dermoptera, or the colugos; Lagomorpha, containing hares and pikas; Primates, containing monkeys and apes; and Rodentia, or rodents. Laurasiatheria contains 2,470 species in 69 families, grouped into 6 orders: Artiodactyla, containing deer, cattle, pigs, and whales; Carnivora, containing wolves, otters, seals, cats, and mongooses; Chiroptera, or bats; Eulipotyphla, containing hedgehogs, shrews, and moles; Perissodactyla, containing horses, tapirs, and rhinoceroses; and Pholidota, or pangolins. Xenarthra contains 31 species in 6 families, grouped into 2 orders: Cingulata, or armadillos, and Pilosa, the sloths and anteaters. One additional species in Afrotheria, 38 in Euarchontoglires, and 18 in Laurasiatheria were driven extinct in modern times.

Superorder Afrotheria

Afrosoricida

Members of the Afrosoricida order are called afrosoricids and include golden moles, otter shrews, and tenrecs. They are found in Sub-Saharan Africa and eat invertebrates, fish, amphibians, lizards, and vegetation. Afrosoricida comprises three families of 55 extant species in 20 genera. These families are divided between two suborders: Chrysochloridea, or the golden moles, and Tenrecomorpha, containing the otter shrews and tenrecs.

Suborder Chrysochloridea – Broom, 1915 – one family
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Chrysochloridae (golden mole)	Gray, 1825 21 species in 10 genera Subfamily Chrysochlorinae (golden mole): Carpitalpa (one species) Chlorotalpa (2 species) Chrysochloris (3 species) Chrysospalax (2 species) Cryptochloris (2 species) Eremitalpa (1 species) Subfamily Amblysominae (narrow-headed golden mole): Amblysomus (five species, Hottentot golden mole pictured) Calcochloris (1 species) Huetia (2 species) Neamblysomus (2 species)	Sub-Saharan Africa	نطاق الأحجام: 6 cm (2 in) long, with no tail (Grant's golden mole) to 23 cm (9 in) long, with no tail (giant golden mole)^[67] الموائل: Forest, savanna, grassland, shrubland, and desert^[68] المآكل: Invertebrates, as well as lizards^[69]

Suborder Tenrecomorpha – Butler, 1972 – two families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Potamogalidae (otter shrew)	Allmann, 1865 3 species in 2 genera Micropotamogale (2 species) Potamogale (1 species, giant otter shrew pictured)	Western and central Africa Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 12 cm (5 in) long, plus 9 cm (4 in) tail (Nimba otter shrew) to 34 cm (13 in) long, plus 29 cm (11 in) tail (giant otter shrew)^[70] الموائل: Forest and inland wetlands^[71] المآكل: Crabs, fish, amphibians, worms, and insects^[72]
Tenrecidae (tenrec)	Gray, 1821 31 species in 8 genera Subfamily Geogalinae (large-eared tenrec): Geogale (one species) Subfamily Oryzorictinae (shrew tenrec): Microgale (twenty-one species) Nesogale (two species) Oryzorictes (two species) Subfamily Tenrecinae (hedgehog tenrec): Echinops (one species, lesser hedgehog tenrec pictured) Hemicentetes (two species) Setifer (one species) Tenrec (one species)	Madagascar Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 4 cm (2 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (pygmy shrew tenrec) to 35 cm (14 in) long, with no tail (tailless tenrec)^[73] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, grassland, savanna, and inland wetlands^[74] المآكل: Invertebrates, as well as frogs, fish, shrimp, worms, and vegetation^[75]

Hyracoidea

Members of the Hyracoidea order are called hyracoids or hyraxes. They are found in Africa and the Middle East and eat a variety of vegetation. Hyracoidea comprises a single family of five extant species in three genera.

Not assigned to a named clade – one family
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Procaviidae (hyrax)	Bonaparte, 1838 5 species in 3 genera Dendrohyrax (3 species) Heterohyrax (1 species) Procavia (1 species, rock hyrax pictured)	Africa and Middle East Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 32 cm (13 in) long, with no tail (yellow-spotted rock hyrax) to 60 cm (24 in) long, with no tail (southern tree hyrax)^[76] الموائل: Forest, savanna, rocky areas, shrubland, and desert^[77] المآكل: Variety of vegetation^[78]

Macroscelidea

Members of the Macroscelidea order are called macroscelids or elephant shrews. They are found in Africa and eat ants and termites, as well as other insects. Macroscelidea comprises a single family of 19 extant species in 6 genera.

Not assigned to a named clade – one family
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Macroscelididae (elephant shrew)	Bonaparte, 1838 19 species in 6 genera Elephantulus (8 species) Galegeeska (2 species) Macroscelides (3 species) Petrodromus (1 species) Petrosaltator (1 species) Rhynchocyon (4 species, black and rufous elephant shrew pictured)	Africa	نطاق الأحجام: 8 cm (3 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail (Etendeka round-eared elephant shrew) to 21 cm (8 in) long, plus 19 cm (7 in) tail (four-toed elephant shrew)^[79] الموائل: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert^[80] المآكل: Ants and termites, as well as other insects^[81]

Proboscidea

Members of the Proboscidea order are called proboscids or elephants. They are found in Sub-Saharan Africa and southern and southeastern Asia and eat grass, bark, roots, leaves, shrubs, and fruit. Proboscidea comprises a single family of three extant species in two genera, in the suborder Elephantiformes.

Suborder Elephantiformes – Tassy, 1988 – one family
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Elephantidae (elephant)	J. E. Gray, 1821 3 species in 2 genera Elephas (1 species) Loxodonta (2 species, African bush elephant pictured)	Sub-Saharan Africa and southern and southeastern Asia	نطاق الأحجام: 550 cm (18 ft) long, plus 120 cm (4 ft) tail (Asian elephant) to 750 cm (25 ft) long, plus 150 cm (5 ft) tail (African savanna elephant)^[82] الموائل: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and desert^[83] المآكل: Grass, bark, roots, leaves, shrubs, and fruit^[84]

Sirenia

Members of the Sirenia order are called sirenians or sea cows and include dugongs and manatees. They are found in the Indian, Pacific, and western Atlantic Oceans and in South American and western African rivers, and eat aquatic vegetation and algaes, as well as fish and invertebrates. Sirenia comprises two families of four extant species in two genera. Additionally, a single species of dugong was driven extinct in modern times.

Not assigned to a named clade – two families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Dugongidae (dugong)	J. E. Gray, 1821 2 species (1 extinct) in 2 genera (1 extinct) Subfamily Dugonginae: Dugong (1 species, dugong pictured) Subfamily Hydrodamalinae †: Hydrodamalis † (1 extinct species)	Indian and Pacific Oceans	نطاق الأحجام: 200–330 cm (7–11 ft) long (dugong)^[85] الموائل: Neritic marine and intertidal marine^[86] المآكل: Seagrass, kelp, and other algaes, as well as crabs^[87]
Trichechidae (manatee) manatee	Gill, 1872 3 species in 1 genus Trichechus (3 species, West Indian manatee pictured)	South American and western African rivers and western Atlantic Ocean	نطاق الأحجام: 250 cm (98 in) long (West Indian manatee) to 390 cm (154 in) long (West Indian manatee)^[8] الموائل: Inland wetlands, neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, coastal marine^[88] المآكل: Aquatic vegetation, as well as fish and invertebrates^[89]

Tubulidentata

Members of the Tubulidentata order are called tubulidentatans or aardvarks. They are found in Africa and eat termites, as well as other insects and fruit. Tubulidentata is composed of a single species.

Not assigned to a named clade – one family
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Orycteropodidae (aardvark) Aardvark	J. E. Gray, 1821 1 species in 1 genera Orycteropus (1 species, aardvark pictured)	Africa	الحجم: 94–142 cm (37–56 in) long, plus 44–63 cm (17–25 in) tail^[90] الموائل: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[91] المأكل: Termites, as well as other insects and fruit^[92]

Superorder Euarchontoglires

Scandentia

Members of the Scandentia order are called scandentians or treeshrews. They are found in India and southeastern Asia and eat insects and fruit, as well as small animals and plants. Scandentia comprises 2 families of 23 extant species in 4 genera.

Not assigned to a named clade – two families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Ptilocercidae (pen-tailed treeshrew) Horsfield's treeshrew	Lyon, 1913 1 species in 1 genera Ptilocercus (1 species, pen-tailed treeshrew pictured)	Southeastern Asia Map of range	الحجم: 13–15 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 16–20 cm (6–8 in) tail^[93] الموائل: Forest^[94] المأكل: Insects, small vertebrates, and fruit^[95]
Tupaiidae (treeshrew) Horsfield's treeshrew	J. E. Gray, 1825 22 species in 3 genera Anathana (1 species) Dendrogale (2 species) Tupaia (19 species, Horsfield's treeshrew pictured)	India and southeastern Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 11 cm (4 in) long, plus 11 cm (4 in) tail (northern smooth-tailed treeshrew) to 22 cm (9 in) long, plus 18 cm (7 in) tail (Mindanao treeshrew)^[96] الموائل: Forest and shrubland^[97] المآكل: Insects and fruit, as well as small animals and plants^[98]

Dermoptera

Members of the Dermoptera order are called dermopterans or colugos. They are found in southeastern Asia and eat leaves. Dermoptera comprises a single family of two extant species in two genera.

Not assigned to a named clade – one family
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Cynocephalidae (colugo)	Simpson, 1945 2 species in 2 genera Cynocephalus (1 species) Galeopterus (1 species, Sunda flying lemur pictured)	Southeastern Asia	نطاق الأحجام: 34–42 cm (13–17 in) long, plus 17–28 cm (7–11 in) tail (both species)^[99] الموائل: Forest^[100] المآكل: Leaves^[101]

Lagomorpha

Members of the Lagomorpha order are called lagomorphs and include hares, rabbits, and pikas. They are found worldwide and eat a variety of plant material. Lagomorpha comprises 2 families of 93 extant species in 12 genera.

Not assigned to a named clade – two families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Leporidae (hare or rabbit) European rabbit	G. Fischer von Waldheim, 1817 64 species in 11 genera (full list) Brachylagus (1 species) Bunolagus (1 species) Caprolagus (1 species) Lepus (32 species) Nesolagus (2 species) Oryctolagus (1 species, European rabbit pictured) Pentalagus (1 species) Poelagus (1 species) Pronolagus (4 species) Romerolagus (1 species) Sylvilagus (19 species)	Worldwide	نطاق الأحجام: 23 cm (9 in) long, plus 1 cm (0.4 in) tail (pygmy rabbit) to 68 cm (27 in) long, plus 14 cm (6 in) tail (European hare)^[102] الموائل: Desert, grassland, inland wetlands, forest, shrubland, rocky areas, savanna, caves, coastal marine, and intertidal marine^[103] المآكل: Variety of plant material^[104]
Ochotonidae (pika)	Thomas, 1897 29 species in 1 genus (full list) Ochotona (29 species, American pika pictured)	Asia and western North America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 11 cm (4 in) long, with no tail (Gansu pika) to 26 cm (10 in) long, with no tail (Turkestan red pika)^[105] الموائل: Desert, forest, shrubland, rocky areas, and grassland^[106] المآكل: Variety of plant material, especially grass and sedges^[107]

Primates

Members of the Primates order are called primates and include monkeys and apes. Excluding humans, they are found in Central and South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Asia, and eat a variety of plant material, invertebrates, and small vertebrates. Primates comprises 16 families of 505 extant species in 81 genera. These families are divided between two suborders: Haplorhini, containing the apes, gibbons, New World monkeys, and tarsiers, and Strepsirrhini, containing the lemurs, galagos, and lorises.

Suborder Haplorhini – Pocock, 1918 – nine families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Aotidae (night monkey)	Poche, 1908 11 species in 1 genus Aotus (11 species, Panamanian night monkey pictured)	Central and northern South America and Central America	نطاق الأحجام: 29 cm (11 in) long, plus 35 cm (14 in) tail (Nancy Ma's night monkey) to 48 cm (19 in) long, plus 42 cm (17 in) tail (gray-handed night monkey)^[108] الموائل: Forest and savanna^[109] المآكل: Fruit, nuts, leaves, bark, flowers, gums, insects, and small vertebrates^[110]
Atelidae (howler, spider, or woolly monkey)	J. E. Gray, 1825 23 species in 4 genera Subfamily Alouattinae (howler monkey): Alouatta (12 species, black howler pictured) Subfamily Atelinae (spider or woolly monkey): Ateles (7 species) Brachyteles (2 species) Lagothrix (2 species)	South America and Central America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 30 cm (12 in) long, plus 66 cm (26 in) tail (black-headed spider monkey) to 71 cm (28 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail (Bolivian red howler)^[111] الموائل: Forest and savanna^[112] المآكل: Fruit, leaves, seeds, insects, nuts, arachnids, nectar, flowers, and eggs^[113]
Callitrichidae (marmoset or tamarin)	Thomas, 1903 43 species in 7 genera Callimico (1 species) Callithrix (6 species) Cebuella (2 species) Leontocebus (7 species) Leontopithecus (4 species, golden-headed lion tamarin pictured) Mico (16 species) Saguinus (17 species)	South America and Central America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 12 cm (5 in) long, plus 17 cm (7 in) tail (western pygmy marmoset) to 34 cm (13 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (Superagüi lion tamarin)^[114] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, and savanna^[115] المآكل: Insects, fruit, nectar, and gums^[116]
Cebidae (capuchin or squirrel monkey)	Bonaparte, 1831 18 species in 3 genera Subfamily Cebinae (capuchin monkey): Cebus (4 species) Sapajus (7 species, tufted capuchin pictured) Subfamily Saimiriinae (squirrel monkey): Saimiri (7 species)	South America and southern Central America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 22 cm (9 in) long, plus 35 cm (14 in) tail (black squirrel monkey) to 56 cm (22 in) long, plus 56 cm (22 in) tail (black capuchin)^[117] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, and savanna^[118] المآكل: Fruit, nuts, seeds, flowers, shoots, bark, gums, eggs, invertebrates, and small vertebrates^[119]
Cercopithecidae (Old World monkey)	J. E. Gray, 1821 158 species in 23 genera Subfamily Cercopithecinae (cercopithecine monkey): Allenopithecus (1 species) Allochrocebus (3 species) Cercocebus (7 species) Cercopithecus (19 species) Chlorocebus (7 species) Erythrocebus (3 species) Macaca (24 species) Mandrillus (2 species) Miopithecus (2 species) Papio (6 species, olive baboon pictured) Rungwecebus (1 species) Theropithecus (1 species) Subfamily Colobinae (leaf-eating monkey): Colobus (5 species) Nasalis (1 species) Piliocolobus (16 species) Presbytis (19 species) Procolobus (1 species) Pygathrix (3 species) Rhinopithecus (5 species) Semnopithecus (8 species) Simias (1 species) Trachypithecus (21 species)	Sub-Saharan Africa and southern, southeastern, and eastern Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 26 cm (10 in) long, plus 53 cm (21 in) tail (Angolan talapoin) to 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 84 cm (33 in) tail (Chacma baboon)^[120] الموائل: Inland wetlands, rocky areas, shrubland, savanna, grassland, forest, intertidal marine, and caves^[121] المآكل: Fruit, leaves, a variety of vegetation, invertebrates, mushrooms, eggs, and small vertebrates^[122]
Hominidae (great ape)	J. E. Gray, 1825 8 species in 4 genera Subfamily Homininae (African hominid): Gorilla (2 species, western gorilla pictured) Homo (1 species) Pan (2 species) Subfamily Ponginae (orangutans): Pongo (3 species)	Western and central Africa and southeastern Asia, plus humans worldwide	نطاق الأحجام: 60 cm (24 in) long, with no tail (bonobo) to 120 cm (47 in) long, with no tail (eastern gorilla)^[123] الموائل: Forest and savanna (excluding humans)^[124] المآكل: Fruit and leaves, as well as other vegetation, insects, and small vertebrates (excluding humans)^[125]
Hylobatidae (gibbon)	J. E. Gray, 1870 29 species in 4 genera Hoolock (3 species) Hylobates (9 species, lar gibbon pictured) Nomascus (7 species) Symphalangus (1 species)	Southeastern Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 41 cm (16 in) long, with no tail (lar gibbon) to 90 cm (35 in) long, with no tail (siamang)^[126] الموائل: Forest^[127] المآكل: Leaves and fruit, as well as flowers, insects, and small vertebrates^[128]
Pitheciidae (titi or saki monkey)	Mivart, 1865 58 species in 6 genera Subfamily Callicebinae (titi monkey): Callicebus (5 species, black-fronted titi pictured) Cheracebus (5 species) Plecturocebus (23 species) Subfamily Pitheciinae (saki monkey): Cacajao (7 species) Chiropotes (5 species) Pithecia (13 species)	Northern and central South America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 23 cm (9 in) long, plus 42 cm (17 in) tail (Colombian black-handed titi monkey) to 57 cm (22 in) long, plus 19 cm (7 in) tail (bald uakari)^[129] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, and savanna^[130] المآكل: Fruit, honey, leaves, flowers, invertebrates, and small vertebrates^[131]
Tarsiidae (tarsier) tarsier	J. E. Gray, 1825 14 species in 3 genera Carlito (1 species) Cephalopachus (1 species) Tarsius (12 species, Gursky's spectral tarsier pictured)	Southeastern Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 9 cm (4 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (pygmy tarsier) to 15 cm (6 in) long, plus 31 cm (12 in) tail (Sangihe tarsier)^[132] الموائل: Inland wetlands, forest, and caves^[133] المآكل: Insects, as well as small vertebrates^[134]

Suborder Strepsirrhini – É. Geoffroy, 1812 – seven families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Cheirogaleidae (dwarf or mouse lemur) mouse lemur	J. E. Gray, 1873 41 species in 5 genera Allocebus (1 species) Cheirogaleus (10 species) Microcebus (24 species, pygmy mouse lemur pictured) Mirza (2 species) Phaner (4 species)	Madagascar Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 8 cm (3 in) long, plus 14 cm (6 in) tail (Gerp's mouse lemur) to 29 cm (11 in) long, plus 37 cm (15 in) tail (pale fork-marked lemur)^[135] الموائل: Forest and shrubland^[136] المآكل: Insects, spiders, fruit, flowers, nectar, gums, resins, leaves, frogs, lizards, birds, and eggs^[137]
Daubentoniidae (aye-aye) aye-aye	J. E. Gray, 1863 1 species in 1 genus Daubentonia (1 species, aye-aye pictured)	Western and eastern Madagascar Map of range	الحجم: 30–37 cm (12–15 in) long, plus 44–53 cm (17–21 in) tail^[138] الموائل: Forest and shrubland^[139] المأكل: Insects, coconuts, and gums^[140]
Galagidae (galago) galago	J. E. Gray, 1825 19 species in 6 genera Euoticus (2 species) Galago (4 species, Senegal bushbaby pictured) Galagoides (3 species) Otolemur (2 species) Paragalago (5 species) Sciurocheirus (3 species)	Sub-Saharan Africa Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 9 cm (4 in) long, plus 16 cm (6 in) tail (Rondo dwarf galago) to 40 cm (16 in) long, plus 50 cm (20 in) tail (brown greater galago)^[141] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, and savanna^[142] المآكل: Gums, insects and fruit^[143]
Indriidae (woolly lemur) woolly lemur	Burnett, 1828 19 species in 3 genera Avahi (9 species) Indri (1 species) Propithecus (9 species, Von der Decken's sifaka pictured)	Madagascar Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 23 cm (9 in) long, plus 26 cm (10 in) tail (Sambirano woolly lemur) to 72 cm (28 in) long, plus 5 cm (2 in) tail (indri)^[144] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, and savanna^[145] المآكل: Leaves, buds, fruit, nuts, bark, and flowers^[146]
Lemuridae (true lemur) lemur	J. E. Gray, 1821 21 species in 5 genera Eulemur (12 species, blue-eyed black lemur pictured) Hapalemur (5 species) Lemur (1 species) Prolemur (1 species) Varecia (2 species)	Madagascar Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 27 cm (11 in) long, plus 36 cm (14 in) tail (western lesser bamboo lemur) to 55 cm (22 in) long, plus 65 cm (26 in) tail (red ruffed lemur)^[147] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, rocky areas, inland wetlands, and caves^[148] المآكل: Fruit, leaves, other vegetation, and insects, as well as bark and nectar^[149]
Lepilemuridae (sportive lemur) lemur	J. E. Gray, 1870 25 species in 1 genus Lepilemur (25 species, Hubbard's sportive lemur pictured)	Madagascar Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 18 cm (7 in) long, plus 25 cm (10 in) tail (northern sportive lemur) to 34 cm (13 in) long, plus 29 cm (11 in) tail (Holland's sportive lemur)^[150] الموائل: Forest^[151] المآكل: Leaves and flowers^[152]
Lorisidae (loris or potto) loris	J. E. Gray, 1821 16 species in 5 genera Subfamily Lorisinae (loris): Loris (2 species, red slender loris pictured) Nycticebus (8 species) Xanthonycticebus (1 species) Subfamily Perodicticinae (potto): Arctocebus (2 species) Perodicticus (3 species)	Western and central Africa and southern and southeastern Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 18 cm (7 in) long, plus vestigial tail (red slender loris) to 40 cm (16 in) long, plus 10 cm (4 in) tail (Central African potto)^[153] الموائل: Forest^[154] المآكل: Insects and fruit, as well as shoots, leaves, eggs, mollusks, and small vertebrates^[155]

Rodentia

Members of the Rodentia order are called rodents. They are found worldwide, and eat a wide variety of plant material and invertebrates, with some species eating small vertebrates or carrion. Rodentia comprises 35 families of 2,360 extant species—about 40% of all mammal species—in 511 genera. These families are grouped into five suborders: Anomaluromorpha, containing the scaly-tailed squirrels and springhares; Castorimorpha, containing breavers, gophers, and kangaroo rats; Hystricomorpha, containing mole-rats, cavies, tuco-tucos, agoutis, and New World spiny rats and porcupines; Myomorpha, containing a wide variety of mice and rats; and Sciuromorpha, containing dormice and squirrels. Additionally, 38 species have been driven to extinction in modern times.

Suborder Anomaluromorpha – Bugge, 1974 – two families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Anomaluridae (scaly-tailed squirrel) scaly-tailed squirrel	Gervais, 1849 7 species in 3 genera Anomalurus (4 species) Idiurus (2 species, long-eared flying mouse pictured) Zenkerella (1 species)	Sub-Saharan Africa Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 6 cm (2 in) long, plus 7 cm (3 in) tail (pygmy scaly-tailed flying squirrel) to 46 cm (18 in) long, plus 45 cm (18 in) tail (Lord Derby's scaly-tailed squirrel)^[56] الموائل: Forest and savanna^[156] المآكل: Fruit and bark, as well as flowers, leaves, nuts, and insects^[157]
Pedetidae (springhare)	J. E. Gray, 1825 2 species in 1 genus Pedetes (2 species, South African springhare pictured)	Southern and eastern Africa Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 34–46 cm (13–18 in) long, plus 39–48 cm (15–19 in) tail (both species)^[158] الموائل: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[159] المآكل: Bulbs and roots, as well as stems, grain, and insects^[160]

Suborder Castorimorpha – Wood, 1955 – three families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Castoridae (beaver)	Hemprich, 1820 2 species in 1 genus Castor (2 species, North American beaver pictured)	North America, Europe, and Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 80–90 cm (31–35 in) long, plus 20–30 cm (8–12 in) tail (both species)^[161] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, and inland wetlands^[162] المآكل: Bark, cambium, twigs, leaves, and roots of trees and shrubs^[163]
Geomyidae (gopher) gopher	Bonaparte, 1845 36 species in 7 genera (full list) Cratogeomys (7 species) Geomys (9 species, plains pocket gopher pictured) Heterogeomys (3 species) Orthogeomys (6 species) Pappogeomys (1 species) Thomomys (9 species) Zygogeomys (1 species)	North America and Central America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 8 cm (3 in) long, plus 5 cm (2 in) tail (Botta's pocket gopher) to 30 cm (12 in) long, plus 14 cm (6 in) tail (giant pocket gopher)^[164] الموائل: Inland wetlands, grassland, shrubland, savanna, forest, intertidal marine, and desert^[165] المآكل: Roots, tubers, and stems^[166]
Heteromyidae (kangaroo rat or pocket mouse) kangaroo rat	J. E. Gray, 1868 63 species in 5 genera (full list) Subfamily Dipodomyinae (kangaroo rat): Dipodomys (20 species, Heermann's kangaroo rat pictured) Microdipodops (2 species) Subfamily Heteromyinae (spiny pocket mouse): Heteromys (14 species) Subfamily Perognathinae (pocket mouse): Chaetodipus (18 species) Perognathus (9 species)	North America, Central America, and northern South America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 5 cm (2 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (Merriam's pocket mouse) to 17 cm (7 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (Nelson's spiny pocket mouse)^[167] الموائل: Rocky areas, shrubland, savanna, grassland, coastal marine, desert, and forest^[168] المآكل: Seeds and vegetation, as well as insects and other invertebrates^[169]

Suborder Hystricomorpha – Brandt, 1855 – eighteen families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Abrocomidae (chinchilla rat) chinchilla rat	Miller & Gidley, 1918 10 species in 2 genera Abrocoma (8 species, Bennett's chinchilla rat pictured) Cuscomys (2 species)	Western South America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 15 cm (6 in) long, plus 5 cm (2 in) tail (ashy chinchilla rat) to 35 cm (14 in) long, plus 26 cm (10 in) tail (Asháninka arboreal chinchilla rat)^[170] الموائل: Shrubland, inland wetlands, forest, rocky areas, grassland, and savanna^[171] المآكل: Variety of vegetation^[172]
Bathyergidae (mole-rat) mole-rat	Waterhouse, 1841 21 species in 5 genera (full list) Bathyergus (2 species) Cryptomys (4 species, common mole-rat pictured) Fukomys (13 species) Georychus (1 species) Heliophobius (1 species)	Sub-Saharan Africa Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 8 cm (3 in) long, plus 1 cm (0.4 in) tail (Caroline's mole-rat) to 35 cm (14 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (Cape dune mole-rat)^[173] الموائل: Grassland, savanna, forest, shrubland, caves, and desert^[174] المآكل: Tubers, roots, bulbs, and aloe leaves, as well as insects^[175]
Capromyidae (hutia) hutia	Waterhouse, 1841 18 species (8 extinct) in 9 genera (4 extinct) (full list) Subfamily Capromyinae (hutia): Capromys (1 species, Desmarest's hutia pictured) Geocapromys (4 species) Mesocapromys (5 species) Mysateles (1 species) Subfamily Hexolobodontinae † (imposter hutia): Hexolobodon † (1 extinct species) Subfamily Isolobodontinae † (laminar-toothed hutia): Isolobodon † (2 extinct species) Subfamily Plagiodontinae (Hispaniolan hutia): Hyperplagiodontia † (1 extinct species) Plagiodontia (2 species (1 extinct)) Rhizoplagiodontia † (1 extinct species)	Caribbean Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 20 cm (8 in) long, plus 17 cm (7 in) tail (dwarf hutia) to 62 cm (24 in) long, plus 31 cm (12 in) tail (Desmarest's hutia)^[176] الموائل: Shrubland, intertidal marine, forest, inland wetlands, caves, and rocky areas^[177] المآكل: Vegetation and small animals^[178]
Caviidae (guinea pig or cavy) capybara	Fischer von Waldheim, 1818 21 species in 6 genera (full list) Subfamily Caviinae (guinea pig or cavy): Cavia (7 species) Galea (5 species) Microcavia (3 species) Subfamily Dolichotinae (mara): Dolichotis (2 species) Subfamily Hydrochoerinae (capybara or rock cavy): Hydrochoerus (2 species, capybara pictured) Kerodon (2 species)	Panama and South America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 19 cm (7 in) long, with no tail (Shipton's mountain cavy) to 134 cm (53 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail (capybara)^[179] الموائل: Grassland, forest, rocky areas, savanna, shrubland, desert, and inland wetlands^[180] المآكل: Variety of plant material^[181]
Chinchillidae (chinchilla or viscacha)	Bennett, 1833 7 species (1 extinct) in 3 genera Chinchilla (2 species) Lagidium (3 species, southern viscacha pictured) Lagostomus (2 species (1 extinct))	Western and southern South America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 22 cm (9 in) long, plus 14 cm (6 in) tail (long-tailed chinchilla) to 61 cm (24 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (plains viscacha)^[182] الموائل: Grassland, shrubland, savanna, and rocky areas^[183] المآكل: Grass, seeds, lichen, and moss, as well as other vegetation^[184]
Ctenodactylidae (gundi) gundi	Gervais, 1853 5 species in 4 genera Ctenodactylus (2 species, common gundi pictured) Felovia (1 species) Massoutiera (1 species) Pectinator (1 species)	Northern and eastern Africa Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 12 cm (5 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail (Val's gundi) to 23 cm (9 in) long, plus 5 cm (2 in) tail (common gundi)^[185] الموائل: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas^[186] المآكل: Leaves, stalks, seeds, and flowers^[187]
Ctenomyidae (tuco-tuco) tuco-tuco	Lesson, 1842 59 species in 1 genus (full list) Ctenomys (59 species, silky tuco-tuco pictured)	Southern South America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 11 cm (4 in) long, plus 7 cm (3 in) tail (white-toothed tuco-tuco) to 33 cm (13 in) long, plus 11 cm (4 in) tail (Conover's tuco-tuco)^[188] الموائل: Forest, desert, grassland, inland wetlands, coastal marine, shrubland, and savanna^[189] المآكل: Grass, roots, stems, and other vegetation^[190]
Cuniculidae (paca)	Miller & Gidley, 1918 2 species in 1 genus Cuniculus (2 species, lowland paca pictured)	Mexico, Cuba, Central America, and South America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 50 cm (20 in) long, plus 1 cm (0.4 in) tail (lowland paca) to 80 cm (31 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail (mountain paca)^[191] الموائل: Forest and inland wetlands^[192] المآكل: Leaves, stems, roots, seeds, and fruit^[193]
Dasyproctidae (agouti or acouchi) agouti	J. E. Gray, 1825 15 species in 2 genera (full list) Dasyprocta (13 species, Central American agouti pictured) Myoprocta (2 species)	Mexico, Cuba, Central America, and South America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 30 cm (12 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (green acouchi) to 76 cm (30 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (black agouti)^[194] الموائل: Savanna and forest^[195] المآكل: Fruit and seeds, as well as crabs^[196]
Diatomyidae (Laotian rock rat) Laotian rock rat	Mein & Ginsburg, 1997 1 species in 1 genus Laonastes (1 species, Laotian rock rat pictured)	Laos and Vietnam Map of range	الحجم: 21–30 cm (8–12 in) long, plus 12–17 cm (5–7 in) tail^[185] الموائل: Forest and rocky areas^[197] المأكل: Leaves, grass, and seeds^[198]
Dinomyidae (pacarana) pacarana	Peters, 1873 1 species in 1 genus Dinomys (1 species, pacarana pictured)	Northwestern South America Map of range	الحجم: 73–79 cm (29–31 in) long, plus 14–23 cm (6–9 in) tail (plains viscacha)^[170] الموائل: Forest and grassland^[199] المأكل: Fruit, leaves, and stems^[181]
Echimyidae (Neotropical spiny rat) Neotropical spiny rat	Peters, 1873 94 species (6 extinct) in 26 genera (3 extinct) (full list) Subfamily Carterodontinae (Owl's spiny rat): Carterodon (1 species) Subfamily Echimyinae (tree-rat, bamboo rat, or brush-tailed rat): Callistomys (1 species) Dactylomys (3 species) Diplomys (2 species) Echimys (3 species) Hoplomys (1 species) Isothrix (6 species) Kannabateomys (1 species) Lonchothrix (1 species) Makalata (3 species, Brazilian spiny tree-rat pictured) Mesomys (4 species) Myocastor (1 species) Olallamys (2 species) Pattonomys (5 species) Phyllomys (13 species) Proechimys (22 species) Santamartamys (1 species) Thrichomys (4 species) Toromys (2 species) Subfamily Euryzygomatomyinae (Atlantic spiny rats): Clyomys (1 species) Euryzygomatomys (1 species) Trinomys (10 species) Subfamily Heteropsomyinae † (cave rat): Boromys † (2 extinct species) Brotomys † (2 extinct species) Heteropsomys † (2 extinct species)	South America and Central America (introduced in North America, Europe, and Japan) Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 12 cm (5 in) long, plus 13 cm (5 in) tail (Sao Lourenço punaré) to 57 cm (22 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (nutria)^[200] الموائل: Forest, grassland, savanna, shrubland, inland wetlands, and rocky areas^[201] المآكل: Grass, sugarcane, fruit, and nuts^[202]
Erethizontidae (New World porcupine) New World porcupine	Bonaparte, 1845 18 species in 3 genera (full list) Subfamily Chaetomyinae (bristle-spined rat): Chaetomys (1 species) Subfamily Erethizontinae (porcupine): Coendou (16 species, Paraguaian hairy dwarf porcupine pictured) Erethizon (1 species)	North America and South America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 24 cm (9 in) long, plus 9 cm (4 in) tail (Paraguaian hairy dwarf porcupine) to 130 cm (51 in) long, plus 25 cm (10 in) tail (American porcupine)^[203] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, savanna, and grassland^[204] المآكل: Leaves, stems, fruit, flowers, roots, seeds, nuts, and other vegetation^[205]
Heterocephalidae (naked mole-rat) naked mole-rat	Landry, 1957 1 species in 1 genus Heterocephalus (1 species, naked mole-rat pictured)	Eastern Africa Map of range	الحجم: 7–11 cm (3–4 in) long, plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail^[206] الموائل: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and caves^[207] المأكل: Tubers, roots, and corms^[208]
Hystricidae (Old World porcupine) Old World porcupine	Fischer von Waldheim, 1817 11 species in 3 genera (full list) Atherurus (2 species) Hystrix (8 species, Indian crested porcupine pictured) Trichys (1 species)	Africa, Italy, and Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 35 cm (14 in) long, plus 17 cm (7 in) tail (long-tailed porcupine) to 93 cm (37 in) long, plus 17 cm (7 in) tail (multiple in Hystrix)^[209] الموائل: Forest, grassland, shrubland, rocky areas, and savanna^[210] المآكل: Vegetation, as well as carrion^[211]
Octodontidae (degu or viscacha rat) naked mole-rat	Waterhouse, 1839 14 species in 7 genera (full list) Aconaemys (3 species) Octodon (3 species, common degu pictured) Octodontomys (1 species) Octomys (1 species) Pipanacoctomys (1 species) Spalacopus (1 species) Tympanoctomys (3 species)	Southern South America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 11 cm (4 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (coruro) to 33 cm (13 in) long, plus 18 cm (7 in) tail (mountain viscacha rat)^[212] الموائل: Forest, grassland, shrubland, shrublands, rocky areas, and inland wetlands^[213] المآكل: Bulbs, tubers, bark, and cacti^[214]
Petromuridae (dassie rat) dassie rat	Tullberg, 1899 1 species in 1 genus Petromus (1 species, dassie rat pictured)	Southwestern Africa Map of range	الحجم: 13–22 cm (5–9 in) long, plus 11–18 cm (4–7 in) tail^[215] الموائل: Shrubland and rocky areas^[216] المأكل: Variety of green plant material, seeds, and berries^[217]
Thryonomyidae (cane rat) cane rat	Pocock, 1922 2 species in 1 genus Thryonomys (2 species, greater cane rat pictured)	Sub-Saharan Africa Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 41 cm (16 in) long, plus 11 cm (4 in) tail (lesser cane rat) to 77 cm (30 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (greater cane rat)^[215] الموائل: Shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and forest^[218] المآكل: Grass and cane, as well as bark, nuts, fruit, and crops^[219]

Suborder Myomorpha – Brandt, 1855 – nine families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Calomyscidae (mouse-like hamster) mouse-like hamster	Vorontsov & Potapova, 1979 8 species in 1 genus Calomyscus (8 species, Urar mouse-like hamster pictured)	Central Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 6 cm (2 in) long, plus 5 cm (2 in) tail (Tsolov's mouse-like hamster) to 10 cm (4 in) long, plus 11 cm (4 in) tail (Great Balkhan mouse-like hamster)^[220] الموائل: Shrubland, grassland and rocky areas^[221] المآكل: Seeds, flowers, and leaves, as well as animal matter^[222]
Cricetidae (New World rat or mouse) vole	Fischer von Waldheim, 1817 705 species (11 extinct) in 144 genera (3 extinct) (full lists) Subfamily Arvicolinae (vole, lemming, or muskrat, full list): Alexandromys (11 species) Alticola (12 species) Arborimus (3 species) Arvicola (3 species) Caryomys (2 species) Chionomys (3 species) Clethrionomys (5 species) Craseomys (6 species) Dicrostonyx (8 species) Dinaromys (1 species) Ellobius (5 species) Eolagurus (2 species) Eothenomys (8 species) Hyperacrius (2 species) Lagurus (2 species) Lasiopodomys (2 species) Lemmiscus (1 species) Lemmus (5 species) Microtus (57 species, eastern meadow vole pictured) Myopus (1 species) Neodon (6 species) Neofiber (1 species) Ondatra (1 species) Phaiomys (1 species) Phenacomys (2 species) Proedromys (2 species) Prometheomys (1 species) Stenocranius (2 species) Synaptomys (2 species) Volemys (2 species) Subfamily Cricetinae (hamster, full list): Allocricetulus (2 species) Cansumys (1 species) Cricetulus (6 species) Cricetus (1 species) Mesocricetus (4 species) Phodopus (3 species) Tscherskia (1 species) Subfamily Neotominae (deer mouse, packrat, or grasshopper mouse, full list): Baiomys (2 species) Habromys (6 species) Hodomys (1 species) Isthmomys (2 species) Megadontomys (3 species) Nelsonia (2 species) Neotoma (20 species) Neotomodon (1 species) Ochrotomys (1 species) Onychomys (3 species) Osgoodomys (1 species) Peromyscus (57 species) Podomys (1 species) Reithrodontomys (21 species) Scotinomys (2 species) Xenomys (1 species) Subfamily Sigmodontinae (New World rat or mouse, full list): Abrawayaomys (1 species) Abrothrix (8 species) Aegialomys (2 species) Aepeomys (2 species) Akodon (39 species) Amphinectomys (1 species) Andalgalomys (2 species) Andinomys (1 species) Anotomys (1 species) Auliscomys (3 species) Bibimys (3 species) Blarinomys (1 species) Brucepattersonius (7 species) Calomys (13 species) Casiomys (6 species) Cerradomys (4 species) Chelemys (2 species) Chibchanomys (2 species) Chilomys (1 species) Chinchillula (1 species) Delomys (3 species) Deltamys (1 species) Drymoreomys (1 species) Eligmodontia (4 species) Eremoryzomys (1 species) Euneomys (4 species) Euryoryzomys (6 species) Galenomys (1 species) Geoxus (2 species) Graomys (4 species) Gyldenstolpia (1 species) Handleyomys (2 species) Holochilus (3 species) Hylaeamys (8 species) Ichthyomys (4 species) Irenomys (1 species) Juliomys (2 species) Juscelinomys (2 species) Kunsia (1 species) Lenoxus (1 species) Loxodontomys (2 species) Lundomys (1 species) Megalomys † (2 extinct species) Megaoryzomys † (1 extinct species) Melanomys (3 species) Microakodontomys (1 species) Microryzomys (2 species) Mindomys (1 species) Neacomys (8 species) Necromys (9 species) Nectomys (5 species) Neomicroxus (2 species) Neotomys (1 species) Nephelomys (7 species) Nesoryzomys (5 species) Neusticomys (6 species) Noronhomys † (1 extinct species) Notiomys (1 species) Oecomys (15 species) Oligoryzomys (20 species) Oreoryzomys (1 species) Oryzomys (6 species) Oxymycterus (17 species) Phaenomys (1 species) Phyllotis (16 species) Podoxymys (1 species) Pseudoryzomys (1 species) Punomys (2 species) Reithrodon (2 species) Rhagomys (2 species) Rheomys (4 species) Rhipidomys (22 species) Salinomys (1 species) Scapteromys (2 species) Scolomys (2 species) Sigmodon (14 species) Sigmodontomys (1 species) Sooretamys (1 species) Tanyuromys (1 species) Tapecomys (1 species) Thalpomys (2 species) Thaptomys (1 species) Thomasomys (42 species) Transandinomys (2 species) Wiedomys (2 species) Wilfredomys (1 species) Zygodontomys (2 species) Subfamily Tylomyinae (vesper or climbing rat): Nyctomys (1 species) Otonyctomys (1 species) Ototylomys (1 species) Tylomys (7 species)	North America, South America, Europe, Asia,and northeastern Africa Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 5 cm (2 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail (northern pygmy mouse) to 32 cm (13 in) long, plus 7 cm (3 in) tail (European hamster)^[223] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, inland wetlands, desert, rocky areas, grassland, savanna, caves, intertidal marine, and coastal marine^[224] المآكل: Plant material and invertebrates; some species predominantly fish and other small vertebrates^[225]
Dipodidae (jerboa) vole	Fischer von Waldheim, 1817 33 species in 13 genera (full list) Subfamily Allactaginae (jerboa): Allactaga (8 species) Allactodipus (1 species) Pygeretmus (3 species) Scarturus (4 species, Williams's jerboa pictured) Subfamily Cardiocraniinae (pygmy jerboa): Cardiocranius (1 species) Salpingotulus (1 species) Salpingotus (5 species) Subfamily Dipodinae (three-toed jerboa): Dipus (1 species) Eremodipus (1 species) Jaculus (3 species) Paradipus (1 species) Stylodipus (3 species) Subfamily Euchoreutinae (long-eared jerboa): Euchoreutes (1 species)	Asia, northern Africa, and eastern Europe Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 4 cm (2 in) long, plus 7 cm (3 in) tail (Baluchistan pygmy jerboa) to 23 cm (9 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail (great jerboa)^[226] الموائل: Desert, coastal marine, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and forest^[227] المآكل: Seeds, plants, and insects^[228]
Muridae (Old World mouse or rat)	Illiger, 1811 814 species (13 extinct) in 156 genera (full lists) Subfamily Deomyinae (spiny mouse or brush-furred rat, full list): Acomys (4 species) Deomys (1 species) Lophuromys (31 species) Uranomys (1 species Subfamily Gerbillinae (gerbil, jird, or sand rat, full list): Ammodillus (1 species) Brachiones (1 species) Desmodilliscus (1 species) Desmodillus (1 species) Gerbilliscus (16 species) Gerbillus (49 species) Meriones (17 species) Microdillus (1 species) Pachyuromys (1 species) Psammomys (2 species) Rhombomys (1 species) Sekeetamys (1 species) Tatera (1 species) Taterillus (9 species) Subfamily Leimacomyinae (Togo mouse): Leimacomys (1 species) Subfamily Lophiomyinae (maned rat): Lophiomys (1 species) Subfamily Murinae (Old World mouse or rat, full list): Abditomys (1 species) Abeomelomys (1 species) Aethomys (9 species) Anisomys (1 species) Anonymomys (1 species) Apodemus (20 species) Apomys (19 species) Archboldomys (2 species) Arvicanthis (7 species) Baiyankamys (2 species) Bandicota (3 species) Batomys (6 species) Berylmys (5 species) Brassomys (1 species) Bullimus (3 species) Bunomys (7 species) Carpomys (2 species) Chiromyscus (1 species) Chiropodomys (6 species) Chiruromys (2 species) Chrotomys (5 species) Coccymys (3 species) Colomys (1 species) Conilurus (3 species (2 extinct)) Crateromys (4 species) Cremnomys (2 species) Crossomys (1 species) Crunomys (4 species) Dacnomys (1 species) Dasymys (9 species) Dephomys (2 species) Desmomys (2 species) Diomys (1 species) Diplothrix (1 species) Echiothrix (2 species) Eropeplus (1 species) Frateromys (1 species) Golunda (1 species) Gracilimus (1 species) Grammomys (11 species) Hadromys (2 species) Haeromys (3 species) Halmaheramys (2 species) Hapalomys (3 species) Heimyscus (1 species) Hybomys (6 species) Hydromys (4 species) Hylomyscus (16 species) Hyomys (2 species) Hyorhinomys (1 species) Kadarsanomys (1 species) Komodomys (1 species) Lamottemys (1 species) Leggadina (2 species) Lemniscomys (11 species) Lenomys (1 species) Lenothrix (1 species) Leopoldamys (7 species) Leporillus (2 species (1 extinct)) Leptomys (5 species) Limnomys (2 species) Lorentzimys (1 species) Macruromys (2 species) Madromys (1 species) Malacomys (3 species) Mallomys (4 species) Mammelomys (2 species) Margaretamys (4 species) Mastacomys (1 species) Mastomys (8 species) Maxomys (18 species) Melasmothrix (1 species) Melomys (22 species (1 extinct)) Mesembriomys (2 species) Micaelamys (2 species) Microhydromys (2 species) Micromys (1 species) Millardia (4 species) Mirzamys (2 species) Muriculus (1 species) Mus (39 species, house mouse pictured) Musseromys (4 species) Mylomys (2 species) Myomyscus (4 species) Nesokia (2 species) Nesoromys (1 species) Nilopegamys (1 species) Niviventer (17 species) Notomys (10 species (5 extinct)) Oenomys (2 species) Otomys (28 species) Palawanomys (1 species) Papagomys (1 species) Parahydromys (1 species) Paraleptomys (2 species) Paramelomys (9 species) Parotomys (2 species) Paucidentomys (1 species) Paulamys (1 species) Pelomys (5 species) Phloeomys (2 species) Pithecheir (2 species) Pithecheirops (1 species) Pogonomelomys (3 species) Pogonomys (5 species) Praomys (17 species) Protochromys (1 species) Pseudohydromys (12 species) Pseudomys (23 species (2 extinct)) Rattus (68 species (2 extinct)) Rhabdomys (4 species) Rhynchomys (4 species) Saxatilomys (1 species) Solomys (4 species) Sommeromys (1 species) Soricomys (4 species) Srilankamys (1 species) Stenocephalemys (4 species) Stochomys (1 species) Sundamys (3 species) Taeromys (8 species) Tarsomys (2 species) Tateomys (2 species) Thallomys (4 species) Thamnomys (4 species) Tokudaia (3 species) Tonkinomys (1 species) Tryphomys (1 species) Uromys (11 species) Vandeleuria (3 species) Vernaya (1 species) Waiomys (1 species) Xenuromys (1 species) Xeromys (1 species) Zelotomys (2 species) Zyzomys (5 species)	Worldwide except for Antarctica Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 4 cm (2 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail (African pygmy mouse) to 47 cm (19 in) long, plus 37 cm (15 in) tail (alpine woolly rat)^[229] الموائل: Savanna, forest, shrubland, grassland, desert, inland wetlands, coastal marine, and rocky areas^[230] المآكل: Plant material and invertebrates; some species predominantly fish and other small vertebrates^[225]
Nesomyidae (African or Malagasy rat or mouse) rat	Major, 1897 67 species in 21 genera (full list) Subfamily Cricetomyinae (hamster-rat or pouched rat): Beamys (2 species) Cricetomys (4 species) Saccostomus (2 species) Subfamily Delanymyinae (Delany's mouse): Delanymys (1 species) Subfamily Dendromurinae (climbing or fat mouse): Dendromus (14 species) Dendroprionomys (1 species) Malacothrix (1 species) Megadendromus (1 species) Prionomys (1 species) Steatomys (8 species) Subfamily Mystromyinae (white-tailed rat): Mystromys (1 species) Subfamily Nesomyinae (Malagasy rodent): Brachytarsomys (2 species) Brachyuromys (2 species) Eliurus (12 species) Gymnuromys (1 species) Hypogeomys (1 species) Macrotarsomys (3 species) Monticolomys (1 species) Nesomys (3 species, white-bellied nesomys pictured) Voalavo (2 species) Subfamily Petromyscinae (rock mouse): Petromyscus (4 species)	Sub-Saharan Africa Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 4 cm (2 in) long, plus 5 cm (2 in) tail (Monard's African climbing mouse) to 41 cm (16 in) long, plus 45 cm (18 in) tail (southern giant pouched rat)^[231] الموائل: Shrubland, forest, savanna, desert, grassland, inland wetlands, and rocky areas^[232] المآكل: Plant material and invertebrates^[225]
Platacanthomyidae (Oriental dormouse) Oriental dormouse	Alston, 1876 2 species in 2 genera Platacanthomys (1 species) Typhlomys (1 species, Chinese pygmy dormouse pictured)	Southern and eastern Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 7 cm (3 in) long, plus 9 cm (4 in) tail (Chinese pygmy dormouse) to 14 cm (6 in) long, plus 11 cm (4 in) tail (Malabar spiny dormouse)^[233] الموائل: Forest^[234] المآكل: Fruit, seeds, grain, and roots^[235]
Sminthidae (birch mouse) birch mouse	Brandt, 1855 16 species in 1 genus (full list) Sicista (16 species, northern birch mouse pictured)	Asia and Europe Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 4–8 cm (2–3 in) long, plus 6–12 cm (2–5 in) tail (multiple)^[236] الموائل: Inland wetlands, shrubland, forest, and grassland^[237] المآكل: Seeds, berries, and insects^[238]
Spalacidae (mole-rat) blind mole-rat	J. E. Gray, 1821 23 species in 7 genera (full list) Subfamily Myospalacinae (zokor): Eospalax (3 species) Myospalax (3 species) Subfamily Rhizomyinae (bamboo rat or mole-rat): Cannomys (1 species) Rhizomys (3 species) Tachyoryctes (2 species) Subfamily Spalacinae (blind mole-rat): Nannospalax (3 species, lesser blind mole-rat pictured) Spalax (8 species)	Eastern Europe, eastern Africa, and Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 13 cm (5 in) long, with no tail (Middle East blind mole-rat) to 48 cm (19 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (large bamboo rat)^[239] الموائل: Shrubland, grassland, forest, savanna, and desert^[240] المآكل: Roots, bulbs, tubers, acorns, stems, and grain^[241]
Zapodidae (jumping mouse) jumping mouse	Coues, 1875 5 species in 3 genera Eozapus (1 species) Napaeozapus (1 species) Zapus (1 species, western jumping mouse pictured)	North America and China Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 7 cm (3 in) long, plus 11 cm (4 in) tail (Chinese jumping mouse) to 11 cm (4 in) long, plus 16 cm (6 in) tail (Pacific jumping mouse)^[242] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands^[227] المآكل: Seeds, fungi, and insects, as well as nuts, berries, and fruit^[243]

Suborder Sciuromorpha – Brandt, 1855 – three families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Aplodontiidae (mountain beaver) mountain beaver	Brandt, 1855 1 species in 1 genus Aplodontia (1 species, mountain beaver pictured)	Western United States and southwestern Canada Map of range	الحجم: 23–43 cm (9–17 in) long, plus 2–6 cm (1–2 in) tail^[244] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, and inland wetlands^[245] المأكل: Variety of plant material^[246]
Gliridae (dormouse)	Muirhead, 1819 29 species in 9 genera (full list) Subfamily Glirinae (Japanese or edible dormouse): Glirulus (1 species) Glis (1 species) Subfamily Graphiurinae (African dormouse): Graphiurus (15 species) Subfamily Leithiinae (dormouse): Chaetocauda (1 species) Dryomys (3 species, forest dormouse pictured) Eliomys (3 species) Muscardinus (1 species) Myomimus (3 species) Selevinia (1 species)	Europe, Africa, and Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 6 cm (2 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail (Setzer's mouse-tailed dormouse) to 19 cm (7 in) long, plus 18 cm (7 in) tail (European edible dormouse)^[247] الموائل: Grassland, inland wetlands, rocky areas, savanna, shrubland, forest, desert, and coastal marine^[248] المآكل: Fruit, nuts, insects, eggs, and small vertebrates^[249]
Sciuridae (squirrel, chipmunk, or marmot)	Fischer von Waldheim, 1817 284 species in 60 genera (full list) Subfamily Callosciurinae (Asian squirrel): Callosciurus (15 species) Dremomys (6 species) Exilisciurus (3 species) Funambulus (6 species) Glyphotes (1 species) Hyosciurus (2 species) Lariscus (4 species) Menetes (1 species) Nannosciurus (1 species) Prosciurillus (7 species) Rhinosciurus (1 species) Rubrisciurus (1 species) Sundasciurus (15 species) Tamiops (4 species) Subfamily Ratufinae (giant squirrel): Ratufa (4 species) Subfamily Sciurillinae (Neotropical pygmy squirrel): Sciurillus (1 species) Subfamily Sciurinae (tree squirrel or flying squirrel): Aeretes (1 species) Aeromys (2 species) Belomys (1 species) Biswamoyopterus (2 species) Eoglaucomys (1 species) Eupetaurus (1 species) Glaucomys (2 species) Hylopetes (9 species) Iomys (2 species) Microsciurus (4 species) Petaurillus (3 species) Petaurista (10 species) Petinomys (8 species) Pteromys (2 species) Pteromyscus (1 species) Rheithrosciurus (1 species) Sciurus (29 species, red squirrel pictured) Syntheosciurus (1 species) Tamiasciurus (3 species) Trogopterus (1 species) Subfamily Xerinae (ground squirrel, chipmunk, or prairie dog): Ammospermophilus (4 species) Atlantoxerus (1 species) Callospermophilus (3 species) Cynomys (5 species) Epixerus (1 species) Eutamias (1 species) Funisciurus (10 species) Heliosciurus (6 species) Ictidomys (2 species) Marmota (14 species) Myosciurus (1 species) Neotamias (23 species) Notocitellus (2 species) Otospermophilus (2 species) Paraxerus (11 species) Poliocitellus (1 species) Protoxerus (2 species) Sciurotamias (2 species) Spermophilopsis (1 species) Spermophilus (15 species) Tamias (1 species) Urocitellus (12 species) Xerospermophilus (4 species) Xerus (4 species)	Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, and South America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 6 cm (2 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail (lesser pygmy flying squirrel) to 75 cm (30 in) long, plus 24 cm (9 in) tail (Olympic marmot)^[250] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, savanna, desert, rocky areas, and coastal marine^[251] المآكل: Nuts, seeds, and other plant material; some species predominately insects^[252]

Superorder Laurasiatheria

Artiodactyla

Members of the Artiodactyla order are called artiodactyls or even-toed ungulates, and include deer, cattle, pigs, camels, whales, and dolphins. They are found worldwide on land and in oceans, and eat a wide variety of plant material, fish, and other marine animals. Artiodactyla comprises 24 families of 349 extant species in 133 genera. These families are grouped into four suborders: Ruminantia, containing deer, cattle, goats, a giraffes; Suina, containing pigs and peccaries; Tylopoda, containing camels and llamas; and Whippomorpha, containing whales, dolphins, and hippopotomuses. Three additional species have been driven to extinction in modern times.

Suborder Ruminantia – Scopoli, 1877 – six families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Antilocapridae (pronghorn)	J. E. Gray, 1866 1 species in 1 genus Antilocapra (1 species, pronghorn pictured)	Western North America (former range in yellow) Map of range	الحجم: 130–140 cm (51–55 in) long, plus 9–11 cm (4–4 in) tail^[253] الموائل: Shrubland, grassland, and desert^[254] المأكل: Shrubs, forbs, grass, cacti, and other plants^[255]
Bovidae (cattle, antelope, or goat) cow	J. E. Gray, 1821 148 species (2 extinct) in 53 genera (full list) Subfamily Aepycerotinae (impala): Aepyceros (1 species) Subfamily Alcelaphinae (wildebeest): Alcelaphus (1 species) Beatragus (1 species) Connochaetes (2 species) Damaliscus (2 species) Subfamily Antilopinae (true antelope): Ammodorcas (1 species) Antidorcas (1 species) Antilope (1 species) Dorcatragus (1 species) Eudorcas (5 species) Gazella (10 species) Litocranius (1 species) Madoqua (4 species) Nanger (3 species) Neotragus (3 species) Ourebia (1 species) Procapra (3 species) Raphicerus (3 species) Saiga (1 species) Subfamily Bovinae (cattle): Bison (2 species) Bos (10 species (1 extinct), cattle pictured) Boselaphus (1 species) Bubalus (5 species) Pseudoryx (1 species) Syncerus (1 species) Taurotragus (2 species) Tetracerus (1 species) Tragelaphus (7 species) Subfamily Caprinae (impala): Ammotragus (1 species) Arabitragus (1 species) Budorcas (1 species) Capra (9 species) Capricornis (4 species) Hemitragus (1 species) Naemorhedus (4 species) Nilgiritragus (1 species) Oreamnos (1 species) Ovibos (1 species) Ovis (7 species) Pantholops (1 species) Pseudois (1 species) Rupicapra (2 species) Subfamily Cephalophinae (duiker): Cephalophus (15 species) Philantomba (3 species) Sylvicapra (1 species) Subfamily Hippotraginae (addax): Addax (1 species) Hippotragus (3 species (1 extinct)) Oryx (4 species) Subfamily Nesotraginae (dwarf antelope): Nesotragus (2 species) Subfamily Oreotraginae (klipspringer): Oreotragus (1 species) Subfamily Reduncinae (reedbuck): Kobus (5 species) Pelea (1 species) Redunca (3 species)	Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 38 cm (15 in) long, plus 5 cm (2 in) tail (royal antelope) to 380 cm (150 in) long, plus 100 cm (39 in) tail (wild yak)^[256] الموائل: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, desert, inland wetlands, and rocky areas, and coastal marine^[257] المآكل: Grass, stems, and leaves^[258]
Cervidae (deer)	Goldfuss, 1820 56 species (1 extinct) in 19 genera (full list) Subfamily Capreolinae (New World deer): Alces (1 species) Blastocerus (1 species) Capreolus (2 species) Hippocamelus (2 species) Hydropotes (1 species) Mazama (9 species) Odocoileus (3 species, white-tailed deer pictured) Ozotoceros (1 species) Pudu (2 species) Rangifer (1 species) Subfamily Cervinae (Old World deer): Axis (4 species) Cervus (5 species) Dama (2 species) Elaphodus (1 species) Elaphurus (1 species) Muntiacus (12 species) Panolia (1 species) Rucervus (2 species (1 extinct)) Rusa (4 species)	North and South America, Europe, and Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 70 cm (28 in) long, with no tail (dwarf brocket) to 300 cm (118 in) long, plus 16 cm (6 in) tail (moose)^[259] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, savanna, grassland, rocky areas, inland wetlands, neritic marine, intertidal marine, and intertidal marine^[260] المآكل: Grass, bark, twigs, and shoots^[261]
Giraffidae (giraffe or okapi) giraffe	J. E. Gray, 1821 5 species in 2 genera Giraffa (4 species, Masai giraffe pictured) Okapia (1 species)	Scattered Sub-Saharan Africa Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 200 cm (79 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail (okapi) to 470 cm (185 in) long, plus 100 cm (39 in) tail (Masai giraffe)^[262] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, savanna, grassland, and rocky areas^[263] المآكل: Leaves, as well as other vegetation and fruit^[264]
Moschidae (musk deer)	J. E. Gray, 1821 7 species in 1 genus Moschus (7 species, Siberian musk deer pictured)	Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 65 cm (26 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (Siberian musk deer) to 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail (white-bellied musk deer)^[265] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas^[266] المآكل: Grass, moss, shoots, twigs, buds, and lichen^[267]
Tragulidae (chevrotain)	H. Milne-Edwards, 1864 10 species in 3 genera Hyemoschus (1 species) Moschiola (3 species) Tragulus (6 species, lesser mouse-deer pictured)	Central and western Africa and southern and southeastern Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 35 cm (14 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail (lesser mouse-deer) to 102 cm (40 in) long, plus 11 cm (4 in) tail (water chevrotain)^[268] الموائل: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and marine^[269] المآكل: Fruit, leaves, buds, and grass^[270]

Suborder Suina – J. E. Gray, 1868 – two families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Suidae (pig)	J. E. Gray, 1821 17 species in 6 genera Babyrousa (3 species) Hylochoerus (1 species) Phacochoerus (2 species) Porcula (1 species) Potamochoerus (2 species) Tragulus (8 species, wild boar pictured)	Asia, Europe, and Africa; introduced worldwide Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 55 cm (22 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail (pygmy hog) to 210 cm (83 in) long, plus 45 cm (18 in) tail (giant forest hog)^[271] الموائل: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, desert, neritic marine, intertidal marine^[272] المآكل: Omnivorous, including fungi, leaves, roots, bulbs, tubers, fruit, snails, worms, reptiles, birds, eggs, rodents, and carrion^[273]
Tayassuidae (peccary)	Palmer, 1897 3 species in 3 genera Catagonus (1 species) Dicotyles (1 species, collared peccary pictured) Tayassu (1 species)	North and South America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 84 cm (33 in) long, plus 1 cm (0.4 in) tail (collared peccary) to 139 cm (55 in) long, plus 7 cm (3 in) tail (white-lipped peccary)^[274] الموائل: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert^[275] المآكل: Fruit, seeds, and roots, as well as invertebrates, small vertebrates, and carrion^[276]

Suborder Tylopoda – Illiger, 1811 – one family
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Camelidae (camel)	J. E. Gray, 1821 7 species in 2 genera Camelus (3 species, dromedary pictured) Lama (4 species)	South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 124 cm (49 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (vicuña) to 350 cm (138 in) long, plus 64 cm (25 in) tail (wild Bactrian camel)^[277] الموائل: Shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and desert^[278] المآكل: Grass, as well as other vegetation^[279]

Suborder Whippomorpha – Waddell, Okada & Hasegawa, 1999 – fifteen families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Balaenidae (right whale)	J. E. Gray, 1821 4 species in 2 genera Balaena (1 species, bowhead whale pictured) Eubalaena (3 species)	Temperate and polar Pacific and Atlantic Oceans Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 13.4–20.0 m (44–66 ft) long (bowhead whale)^[280] الموائل: Neritic marine and oceanic marine^[281] المآكل: Krill, as well as other crustaceans and mollusks^[282]
Balaenopteridae (rorqual)	J. E. Gray, 1864 10 species in 2 genera Balaenoptera (9 species, fin whale pictured) Megaptera (1 species)	Worldwide oceans Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 6.5 m (21 ft) long (common minke whale) to 32.6 m (107 ft) long (blue whale)^[283] الموائل: Neritic marine and oceanic marine^[284] المآكل: Krill and other crustaceans, as well as fish^[285]
Cetotheriidae (pygmy right whale) pygmy right whale	Brandt, 1872 1 species in 1 genus Caperea (1 species, pygmy right whale pictured)	Sub-Antarctic oceans Map of range	الحجم: 5.9–6.5 m (19–21 ft) long^[280] الموائل: Neritic marine and oceanic marine^[286] المأكل: Crustaceans^[287]
Delphinidae (oceanic dolphin)	Gray, 1821 37 species in 19 genera Subfamily Delphininae (dolphin): Delphinus (1 species) Lagenodelphis (1 species) Sotalia (2 species) Sousa (4 species) Stenella (5 species) Tursiops (2 species, common bottlenose dolphin pictured) Subfamily Lissodelphininae (smooth dolphin): Cephalorhynchus (4 species) Lissodelphis (2 species) Subfamily Globicephalinae (round-headed whale): Feresa (1 species) Globicephala (2 species) Grampus (1 species) Orcaella (2 species) Peponocephala (1 species) Pseudorca (1 species) Steno (1 species) Subfamily Orcininae (killer whale): Orcinus (1 species) No subfamily: Lagenorhynchus (6 species)	Worldwide oceans and seas, and rivers in South America and southern and southeastern Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 1.2 m (4 ft) long (spinner dolphin) to 9.8 m (32 ft) long (orca)^[288] الموائل: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, coastal marine, intertidal marine, and inland wetlands^[289] المآكل: Fish, cephalopods, shrimp, and crustaceans^[290]
Eschrichtiidae (gray whale)	Ellerman & Morrison-Scott, 1951 1 species in 1 genus Eschrichtius (1 species, gray whale pictured)	Northern Pacific Ocean Map of range	الحجم: 13.0–14.2 m (43–47 ft) long^[291] الموائل: Neritic marine and oceanic marine^[292] المأكل: Small crustaceans, as well as fish, molluscs, and other crustaceans^[293]
Hippopotamidae (hippopotamus) river dolphin	J. E. Gray, 1821 2 species in 2 genera Choeropsis (1 species) Hippopotamus (1 species, hippopotamus pictured)	Scattered Sub-Saharan Africa Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 1.5 m (5 ft) long (pygmy hippopotamus) to 5.1 m (17 ft) long (hippopotamus)^[294] الموائل: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, neritic marine, coastal marine^[295] المآكل: Grass, water plants, shoots, leaves, and fruit^[296]
Iniidae (South American river dolphin)	J. E. Gray, 1846 4 species in 1 genus Inia (4 species, Amazon river dolphin pictured)	South American rivers Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 1.7 m (6 ft) long (Amazon river dolphin) to 2.6 m (9 ft) long (Araguaian river dolphin)^[297] الموائل: Inland wetlands^[298] المآكل: Fish^[299]
Kogiidae (pygmy sperm whale) river dolphin	Gill, 1871 2 species in 1 genus Kogia (2 species, dwarf sperm whale pictured)	Worldwide tropical and temperate oceans Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 2.0 m (7 ft) long (dwarf sperm whale) to 4.2 m (14 ft) long (pygmy sperm whale)^[300] الموائل: Oceanic marine^[301] المآكل: Cephalopods, fish, and crustaceans^[302]
Lipotidae (baiji)	Zhou, Qian, Li, 1978 1 species in 1 genus Lipotes (1 species, baiji pictured)	Yangtze river in China Map of range	الحجم: 1.8–2.6 m (6–9 ft) long^[297] الموائل: Inland wetlands^[303] المأكل: Fish^[304]
Monodontidae (narwhal or beluga whale)	J. E. Gray, 1821 2 species in 2 genera Delphinapterus (1 species) Monodon (1 species, narwhal pictured)	Arctic and subarctic oceans Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 3.0 m (10 ft) long (beluga) to 5.0 m (16 ft) long (narwhal)^[305] الموائل: Neritic marine and oceanic marine^[306] المآكل: Fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans^[307]
Phocoenidae (porpoise)	J. E. Gray, 1825 8 species in 3 genera Neophocaena (3 species, East Asian finless porpoise pictured) Phocoena (4 species) Phocoenoides (1 species)	North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Antarctic oceans, Black Sea, and South American and Asian coasts Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 1.2 m (4 ft) long (vaquita) to 2.4 m (8 ft) long (Dall's porpoise)^[308] الموائل: Inland wetlands, neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine^[309] المآكل: Squid and fish^[310]
Physeteridae (sperm whale)	Rafinesque, 1815 1 species in 1 genus Physeter (1 species, sperm whale pictured)	Worldwide oceans (concentrations in black) Map of range	الحجم: 10.4–19.2 m (34–63 ft) long^[300] الموائل: Neritic marine and oceanic marine^[311] المأكل: Squid, as well as sharks and fish^[312]
Platanistidae (South Asian river dolphin) river dolphin	J. E. Gray, 1846 2 species in 1 genus Platanista (2 species, Ganges river dolphin pictured)	Rivers of the Ganges Basin (orange) and the Indus Basin (blue) Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 2.0 m (7 ft) long (Indus river dolphin) to 4.0 m (13 ft) long (Ganges river dolphin)^[313] الموائل: Neritic marine and inland wetlands^[314] المآكل: Fish and shrimp^[315]
Pontoporiidae (La Plata dolphin) La Plata dolphin	J. E. Gray, 1870 1 species in 1 genus Pontoporia (1 species, La Plata dolphin pictured)	Southeastern South American coast Map of range	الحجم: 1.1–1.7 m (4–6 ft) long^[297] الموائل: Neritic marine and oceanic marine^[316] المأكل: Fish, squid, and shrimp^[317]
Ziphiidae (beaked whale) beaked whale	J. E. Gray, 1865 23 species in 6 genera Subfamily Berardiinae (four-toothed whale): Berardius (3 species, Arnoux's beaked whale pictured) Subfamily Hyperoodontinae (bottlenose whale): Hyperoodon (2 species) Indopacetus (1 species) Mesoplodon (15 species) Subfamily Ziphiinae (beaked whale): Tasmacetus (1 species) Ziphius (1 species)	Worldwide oceans Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 3.7 m (12 ft) long (pygmy beaked whale) to 12.0 m (39 ft) long (Baird's beaked whale)^[318] الموائل: Oceanic marine^[319] المآكل: Squid, as well as octopuses, crustaceans, and fish^[320]

Carnivora

Members of the Carnivora order are called carnivorans, and include dogs, bears, raccoons, weasels, seals, cats, hyenas, and mongooses. They are found worldwide on land an in oceans, and are omnivorous, with some species predominately eating plant material or aquatic animals. Carnivora comprises 16 families of 291 extant species in 131 genera. These families are grouped into two suborders: Caniformia, containing dogs, foxes, bears, raccoons, skunks, weasels, and seals, and Feliformia, containing cats, hyenas, mongooses, and civets. Six additional species have been driven to extinction in modern times.

Suborder Caniformia – Kretzoi, 1943 – nine families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Ailuridae (red panda)	Gray, 1843 1 species in 1 genus Ailurus (1 species, red panda pictured)	Eastern Himalayas and southwestern China	الحجم: 57–79 cm (22–31 in) long, plus 36–50 cm (14–20 in) tail^[321] الموائل: Forest and shrubland^[322] المأكل: Bamboo sprouts, grass, roots, fruit, and nuts, as well as insects, eggs, and small vertebrates^[323]
Canidae (wolf or fox) Gray canine in grass	Waldheim, 1817 39 species (2 extinct) in 15 genera (1 extinct) (full list) Atelocynus (1 species) Canis (6 species, grey wolf pictured) Cerdocyon (1 species) Chrysocyon (1 species) Cuon (1 species) Dusicyon † (2 extinct species) Lupulella (2 species) Lycaon (1 species) Lycalopex (6 species) Nyctereutes (2 species) Otocyon (1 species) Speothos (1 species) Urocyon (2 species) Vulpes (12 species)	Worldwide Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 33 cm (13 in) long, plus 12 cm (5 in) tail (fennec fox) to 130 cm (51 in) long, plus 52 cm (20 in) tail (grey wolf)^[324] الموائل: Shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, forest, desert, rocky areas, savanna, desert, and coastal marine^[325] المآكل: Omnivorous, including a variety of vertebrates, crabs, insects, fruit, and carrion^[326]
Mephitidae (skunk or stink badger)	É. Geoffroy & Cuvier, 1795 12 species in 4 genera (full list) Conepatus (4 species) Mephitis (2 species, striped skunk pictured) Mydaus (2 species) Spilogale (4 species)	North America, South America, Southeast Asia	نطاق الأحجام: 17 cm (7 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (striped skunk) to 52 cm (20 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail (Sunda stink badger)^[327] الموائل: Desert, shrubland, rocky areas, grassland, savanna, forest, inland wetlands, and coastal marine^[328] المآكل: Omnivorous, particularly insects and fruit^[329]
Mustelidae (marten, polecat, otter, or badger)	É. Geoffroy and Cuvier, 1795 63 species in 23 genera (full list) Subfamily Guloninae (marten or wolverine): Eira (1 species) Gulo (1 species) Martes (7 species) Pekania (1 species) Subfamily Helictidinae (ferret-badger) : Melogale (5 species) Subfamily Ictonychinae (African polecat or grison): Galictis (2 species) Ictonyx (2 species) Lyncodon (1 species) Poecilogale (1 species) Vormela (1 species) Subfamily Lutrinae (otter): Aonyx (3 species) Enhydra (1 species) Hydrictis (1 species) Lontra (4 species) Lutra (3 species, Eurasian otter pictured) Lutrogale (1 species) Pteronura (1 species) Subfamily Melinae (Eurasian badger): Arctonyx (3 species) Meles (3 species) Subfamily Mellivorinae (honey badger): Mellivora (1 species) Subfamily Mustelinae (weasel or mink): Mustela (15 species) Neogale (5 species) Subfamily Taxidiinae (American badger): Taxidea (1 species)	All continents except Antarctica and Australia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 11 cm (4 in) long, plus 7 cm (3 in) tail (least weasel) to 130 cm (51 in) long, plus 65 cm (26 in) tail (giant otter)^[330] الموائل: Forest, grassland, rocky areas, shrubland, savanna, inland wetlands, desert, neritic marine, oceanic marine, coastal marine, and intertidal marine^[331] المآكل: Omnivorous; some species predominately plant material or aquatic animals^[332]
Odobenidae (walrus)	Allen, 1880 1 species in 1 genus (full list) Odobenus (1 species, walrus pictured)	Arctic Ocean and subarctic seas	الحجم: 260–315 cm (102–124 in) long^[333] الموائل: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine^[334] المأكل: Bivalve molluscs, as well as other invertebrates, fish, and seals^[335]
Otariidae (eared seal) Brown and gray seal	J. E. Gray, 1825 16 species in 7 genera (full list) Arctocephalus (8 species) Callorhinus (1 species) Eumetopias (1 species) Neophoca (1 species) Otaria (1 species) Phocarctos (1 species) Zalophus (3 species, California sea lion pictured)	Antarctic Ocean, southern seas, and coasts of South America, Australia, Pacific Asia and Pacific North America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 110 cm (43 in) long (Galápagos fur seal) to 330 cm (130 in) long (Steller sea lion)^[336] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, inland wetlands, neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine^[337] المآكل: Fish, as well as cephalopods and crustaceans^[338]
Phocidae (earless seal)	J. E. Gray, 1821 19 species in 14 genera (full list) Cystophora (1 species) Erignathus (1 species) Halichoerus (1 species) Histriophoca (1 species) Hydrurga (1 species) Leptonychotes (1 species) Lobodon (1 species) Mirounga (2 species) Monachus (1 species) Neomonachus (2 species) Ommatophoca (1 species) Pagophilus (1 species) Phoca (2 species, harbor seal pictured) Pusa (3 species)	Antarctic Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Northern Hemisphere coastlines, Caspian Sea, and Lake Baikal Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 150 cm (59 in) long (ribbon seal) to 500 cm (197 in) long (southern elephant seal)^[339] الموائل: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, coastal marine, and inland wetlands^[340] المآكل: Fish, shellfish, and cephalopods, as well as penguins and seals^[341]
Procyonidae (raccoon or ring-tailed cat)	J. E. Gray, 1825 14 species in 6 genera (full list) Bassaricyon (4 species) Bassariscus (2 species) Nasua (2 species) Nasuella (2 species) Potos (1 species) Procyon (3 species, raccoon pictured)	North and South America (common raccoon introduced to Europe, western Asia, and Japan) Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 30 cm (12 in) long, plus 31 cm (12 in) tail (ringtail) to 76 cm (30 in) long, plus 57 cm (22 in) tail (kinkajou)^[342] الموائل: Shrubland, forest, rocky areas, desert, grassland, and inland wetlands^[343] المآكل: Omnivorous; some species predominately bamboo or fruit^[344]
Ursidae (bear)	G. Fischer von Waldheim, 1817 8 species in 5 genera (full list) Subfamily Ailuropodinae (panda): Ailuropoda (1 species) Subfamily Tremarctinae (short-faced bear): Tremarctos (1 species) Subfamily Ursinae (bear): Helarctos (1 species) Melursus (1 species) Ursus (4 species, brown bear pictured)	North and South America, Europe, Asia, and northern Africa Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail (sun bear) to 280 cm (110 in) long, plus 21 cm (8 in) tail (brown bear)^[345] الموائل: Shrubland, grassland, forest, savanna, inland wetlands, desert, oceanic marine, coastal marine, and intertidal marine^[346] المآكل: Omnivorous; some species predominately bamboo or fish and seals^[347]

Suborder Feliformia – Kretzoi, 1945 – seven families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Eupleridae (Malagasy carnivoran)	Chenu, 1850 10 species in 7 genera Subfamily Euplerinae (malagasy civet): Cryptoprocta (1 species, fossa pictured) Eupleres (2 species) Fossa (1 species) Subfamily Galidiinae (vontsira): Galidia (1 species) Galidictis (2 species) Mungotictis (1 species) Salanoia (2 species)	Madagascar Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 26 cm (10 in) long, plus 19 cm (7 in) tail (narrow-striped mongoose) to 80 cm (31 in) long, plus 70 cm (28 in) tail (fossa)^[348] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, and inland wetlands^[349] المآكل: Small mammals, birds, eggs, worms, insects, and fruit, as well as reptiles, frogs, and other invertebrates^[350]
Felidae (cat) Tiger	G. Fischer von Waldheim, 1817 41 species in 14 genera (full list) Subfamily Felinae (small or medium-sized cat): Acinonyx (1 species) Caracal (2 species) Catopuma (2 species) Felis (7 species) Herpailurus (1 species) Leopardus (8 species) Leptailurus (1 species) Lynx (4 species) Otocolobus (1 species) Pardofelis (1 species) Prionailurus (5 species) Puma (1 species) Subfamily Pantherinae (large cat): Neofelis (2 species) Panthera (5 species, tiger pictured)	Worldwide (Felinae (excluding the domestic cat) in blue, Pantherinae in green	نطاق الأحجام: 35 cm (14 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (rusty-spotted cat) to 290 cm (114 in) long, plus 109 cm (43 in) tail (tiger)^[351] الموائل: Forest, desert, shrubland, savanna, grassland, rocky areas, and inland wetlands^[352] المآكل: Mammals and birds, as well as fish and reptiles^[353]
Herpestidae (mongoose)	Bonaparte, 1845 34 species in 14 genera (full list) Subfamily Herpestinae (mongoose): Atilax (1 species) Bdeogale (3 species) Cynictis (1 species) Herpestes (5 species) Ichneumia (1 species) Paracynictis (1 species) Rhynchogale (1 species) Urva (9 species) Xenogale (1 species) Subfamily Mungotinae (African mongoose): Crossarchus (4 species) Dologale (1 species) Helogale (2 species) Liberiictis (1 species) Mungos (2 species) Suricata (1 species, meerkat pictured)	Southern Europe, Africa, and Asia	نطاق الأحجام: 16 cm (6 in) long, plus 14 cm (6 in) tail (common dwarf mongoose) to 69 cm (27 in) long, plus 48 cm (19 in) tail (white-tailed mongoose)^[354] الموائل: Shrubland, forest, rocky areas, inland wetlands, savanna, grassland, desert, neritic marine, and coastal marine^[355] المآكل: Small vertebrates, invertebrates, eggs, fruit, crabs, and fish, as well as other vegetation^[356]
Hyaenidae (hyena)	J. E. Gray, 1821 4 species in 4 genera Crocuta (1 species, spotted hyena pictured) Hyaena (1 species) Parahyaena (1 species) Proteles (1 species)	Africa and southern Asia	نطاق الأحجام: 55 cm (22 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (aardwolf) to 160 cm (63 in) long, plus 27 cm (11 in) tail (spotted hyena)^[357] الموائل: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, rocky areas, desert, intertidal marine, and coastal marine^[358] المآكل: Variety of mammals, carrion, and insects^[359]
Nandiniidae (African palm civet) African palm civet	Pocock, 1929 1 species in 1 genus Nandinia (1 species, African palm civet pictured)	Sub-Saharan Africa Map of range	الحجم: 37–62 cm (15–24 in) long, plus 34–76 cm (13–30 in) tail^[360] الموائل: Forest, savanna, and shrubland^[361] المأكل: Fruit, as well as rodents, eggs, and insects^[362]
Prionodontidae (Asiatic linsang) Banded linsang	J. E. Gray, 1864 2 species in 1 genus Prionodon (2 species, banded linsang pictured)	Southeastern Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 31 cm (12 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail (spotted linsang) to 38 cm (15 in) long, plus 33 cm (13 in) tail (banded linsang)^[360] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, and grassland^[363] المآكل: Small mammals, birds, eggs, and insects^[364]
Viverridae (civet or genet) Malayan civet	J. E. Gray, 1821 33 species in 14 genera (full list) Subfamily Genettinae (genet): Genetta (14 species) Poiana (2 species) Subfamily Hemigalinae (civet): Chrotogale (1 species) Cynogale (1 species) Diplogale (1 species) Hemigalus (1 species) Subfamily Paradoxurinae (civet): Arctictis (1 species) Arctogalidia (1 species) Macrogalidia (1 species) Paguma (1 species) Paradoxurus (3 species) Subfamily Viverrinae (civet): Civettictis (1 species) Viverra (4 species, Malayan civet pictured) Viverricula (1 species)	Africa and southern and southeastern Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 30 cm (12 in) long, plus 35 cm (14 in) tail (West African oyan) to 96 cm (38 in) long, plus 84 cm (33 in) tail (binturong)^[365] الموائل: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and rocky areas^[366] المآكل: Small vertebrates and invertebrates, as well as fruit, bulbs, and nuts^[367]

Chiroptera

Members of the Chiroptera order are called chiropterans or bats. They are found worldwide, and predominately eat insects, with some species also eating fruit or fish. Chiroptera comprises 21 families of 1,318 extant species—about 20% of all mammal species—in 226 genera. These families are grouped into two suborders: Yangochiroptera, containing sheath-tailed, leaf-nosed, free-tailed, and vesper bats, and Yinpterochiroptera, containing Old World leaf-nosed, fruit, and horseshoe bats. Nine additional species have been driven to extinction in modern times.

Suborder Yangochiroptera – Karl Koopman, 1984 – fourteen families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Cistugidae (wing-gland bat) Brown bats	Lack, Roehrs, Stanley Jr., Ruedi, & Van Den Bussche, 2010 2 species in 1 genus Cistugo (2 species, Lesueur's hairy bat pictured)	Southern Africa Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 4 cm (2 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) (Angolan hairy bat) to 6 cm (2 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (Lesueur's hairy bat)^[368] الموائل: Rocky areas, shrubland, grassland, and desert^[369] المآكل: Insects^[370]
Emballonuridae (sheath-tailed bat) Brown bat	Gervais, 1855 54 species in 14 genera (full list) Subfamily Emballonurinae (sheath-tailed, sac-winged, or ghost bat): Balantiopteryx (3 species) Centronycteris (2 species) Coleura (3 species) Cormura (1 species) Cyttarops (1 species) Diclidurus (4 species) Emballonura (8 species) Mosia (1 species) Paremballonura (2 species) Peropteryx (5 species, lesser dog-like bat pictured) Rhynchonycteris (1 species) Saccopteryx (5 species) Subfamily Taphozoinae (pouched or tomb bat): Saccolaimus (4 species) Taphozous (14 species)	Mexico, Central America, South America, Africa, Australia, and Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 3 cm (1 in) long, plus 1 cm (0.4 in) tail (Amazonian sac-winged bat) to 14 cm (6 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (Pel's pouched bat)^[371] الموائل: Shrubland, forest, caves, savanna, inland wetlands, and desert^[372] المآكل: Insects, as well as fruit^[373]
Furipteridae (smoky or thumbless bat) Gray bat	J. E. Gray, 1866 2 species in 2 genera Amorphochilus (1 species) Furipterus (1 species, thumbless bat pictured)	Central America and South America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 3 cm (1 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) (thumbless bat) to 5 cm (2 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (smoky bat)^[374] الموائل: Forest and caves^[375] المآكل: Insects^[376]
Miniopteridae (bent-winged or long-fingered bat) Brown bat	Dobson, 1875 31 species in 1 genus (full list) Miniopterus (31 species, common bent-wing bat pictured)	Europe, Africa, and western, southeastern, and eastern Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 3 cm (1 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail (Shortridge's long-fingered bat) to 8 cm (3 in) long, plus 7 cm (3 in) tail (great bent-winged bat)^[377] الموائل: Shrubland, forest, grassland, rocky areas, caves, savanna, inland wetlands, and desert^[378] المآكل: Insects^[379]
Molossidae (free-tailed bat) Black bat	Gervais, 1855 120 species in 19 genera (full list) Subfamily Molossinae (free-tailed bat): Austronomus (2 species) Cheiromeles (2 species) Cynomops (6 species) Eumops (15 species) Micronomus (1 species) Molossops (4 species) Molossus (9 species, velvety free-tailed bat pictured) Mops (36 species) Mormopterus (7 species) Myopterus (2 species) Nyctinomops (4 species) Otomops (8 species) Ozimops (9 species) Platymops (1 species) Promops (3 species) Sauromys (1 species) Setirostris (1 species) Tadarida (8 species) Subfamily Tomopeatinae (blunt-eared bat): Tomopeas (1 species)	Worldwide except Antarctica Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 3 cm (1 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail (blunt-eared bat) to 18 cm (7 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail (hairless bat)^[380] الموائل: Forest, coastal marine, rocky areas, savanna, shrubland, grassland, caves, inland wetlands, and desert^[381] المآكل: Insects^[382]
Mormoopidae (ghost-faced or mustached bat) Brown bat	Saussure, 1860 11 species in 2 genera (full list) Mormoops (2 species) Pteronotus (9 species, Wagner's mustached bat pictured)	Southern North America, Central America, and northern and central South America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 4 cm (2 in) long, plus 1 cm (0.4 in) tail (sooty mustached bat) to 8 cm (3 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (ghost-faced bat)^[383] الموائل: Savanna, caves, and forest^[384] المآكل: Insects^[385]
Mystacinidae (New Zealand short-tailed bat) Brown bat	Dobson, 1875 2 species in 1 genus Mystacina (2 species, New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat pictured)	New Zealand Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 6 cm (2 in) long, plus 0.5 cm (0.2 in) (New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat) to 9 cm (4 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail (New Zealand greater short-tailed bat)^[386] الموائل: Forest^[387] المآكل: Invertebrates, fruit, nectar, and pollen^[388]
Myzopodidae (sucker-footed bat) Brown bat	H. Milne-Edwards & A. Grandidier, 1878 2 species in 1 genus Myzopoda (2 species, Madagascar sucker-footed bat pictured)	Madagascar Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 4 cm (2 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) (western sucker-footed bat) to 7 cm (3 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail (Madagascar sucker-footed bat)^[386] الموائل: Forest, inland wetlands, and caves^[389] المآكل: Insects^[390]
Natalidae (funnel-eared bat) Brown bats	J. E. Gray, 1866 11 species in 3 genera (full list) Chilonatalus (3 species) Natalus (7 species, Mexican greater funnel-eared bat pictured) Nyctiellus (1 species)	Central America, South America, and Caribbean Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 3 cm (1 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (Mexican greater funnel-eared bat) to 6 cm (2 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail (Jamaican greater funnel-eared bat)^[391] الموائل: Caves and forest^[392] المآكل: Insects^[393]
Noctilionidae (bulldog bat) Brown bat	J. E. Gray, 1821 2 species in 1 genus Noctilio (2 species, lesser bulldog bat pictured)	Mexico, Caribbean, Central America, and South America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 6 cm (2 in) long, plus 1 cm (0.4 in) (lesser bulldog bat) to 10 cm (4 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail (greater bulldog bat)^[374] الموائل: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and caves^[394] المآكل: Insects, other invertebrates, and fish^[395]
Nycteridae (slit-faced bat) Brown bats	Hoeven, 1855 16 species in 1 genus (full list) Nycteris (16 species, hairy slit-faced bat pictured)	Africa, western Arabian Peninsula, and southeastern Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 3 cm (1 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail (dwarf slit-faced bat) to 9 cm (4 in) long, plus 9 cm (4 in) tail (large slit-faced bat)^[396] الموائل: Shrubland, forest, grassland, rocky areas, savanna, caves, and desert^[397] المآكل: Insects and other invertebrates, as well as fish, frogs, birds, and bats^[398]
Phyllostomidae (leaf-nosed bat) Black bat	J. E. Gray, 1825 203 species in 60 genera (full list) Subfamily Carolliinae (short-tailed bat): Carollia (8 species) Subfamily Desmodontinae (vampire bat): Desmodus (1 species) Diaemus (1 species) Diphylla (1 species) Subfamily Glossophaginae (long-tongued bat): Anoura (9 species) Brachyphylla (2 species) Choeroniscus (3 species) Choeronycteris (1 species) Dryadonycteris (1 species) Erophylla (2 species) Glossophaga (5 species) Hylonycteris (1 species) Leptonycteris (3 species) Lichonycteris (2 species) Monophyllus (2 species) Musonycteris (1 species) Phyllonycteris (2 species) Platalina (1 species) Scleronycteris (1 species) Xeronycteris (1 species) Subfamily Glyphonycterinae (big-eared bat): Glyphonycteris (3 species) Neonycteris (1 species) Trinycteris (1 species) Subfamily Lonchophyllinae (nectar bat): Lionycteris (1 species) Lonchophylla (15 species) Subfamily Lonchorhininae (sword-nosed bat): Lonchorhina (15 species) Subfamily Macrotinae (leaf-nosed bat): Macrotus (2 species) Subfamily Micronycterinae (big-eared bat): Lampronycteris (1 species) Micronycteris (11 species) Subfamily Phyllostominae (round-eared or spear-nosed bat): Chrotopterus (1 species) Gardnerycteris (2 species) Lophostoma (7 species) Macrophyllum (1 species) Mimon (2 species) Phylloderma (1 species) Phyllostomus (4 species) Tonatia (2 species) Trachops (1 species) Vampyrum (1 species) Subfamily Rhinophyllinae (little fruit bat): Rhinophylla (3 species) Subfamily Stenodermatinae (yellow-shouldered or neotropical fruit bat): Ametrida (1 species) Ardops (1 species) Ariteus (1 species) Artibeus (12 species) Centurio (1 species) Chiroderma (5 species) Dermanura (11 species) Ectophylla (1 species) Enchisthenes (1 species) Mesophylla (1 species) Phyllops (1 species) Platyrrhinus (18 species, Recife broad-nosed bat pictured) Pygoderma (1 species) Sphaeronycteris (1 species) Stenoderma (1 species) Sturnira (23 species) Uroderma (2 species) Vampyressa (3 species) Vampyriscus (3 species) Vampyrodes (2 species)	South America, Central America, Caribbean, and southern North America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 3 cm (1 in) long, with no tail (little white-shouldered bat) to 13 cm (5 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (greater spear-nosed bat)^[399] الموائل: Caves, savanna, forest, rocky areas, grassland, inland wetlands, shrubland, and desert^[400] المآكل: Insects, fruit, nectar, and pollen, as well as small animals and blood^[401]
Thyropteridae (disk-winged bat) Brown bat	Miller, 1907 5 species in 1 genus Thyroptera (5 species, Peters's disk-winged bat pictured)	Central America and South America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 3 cm (1 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) (De Vivo's disk-winged bat) to 6 cm (2 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (LaVal's disk-winged bat)^[402] الموائل: Forest and savanna^[403] المآكل: Insects^[390]
Vespertilionidae (vesper bat)	J. E. Gray, 1821 464 species (3 extinct) in 53 genera (full lists) Subfamily Kerivoulinae (woolly or trumpet-eared bat, full list): Kerivoula (26 species) Phoniscus (4 species) Subfamily Murininae (tube-nosed bat, full list): Harpiocephalus (1 species) Harpiola (2 species) Murina (32 species) Subfamily Myotinae (mouse-eared bat, full list): Eudiscopus (1 species) Myotis (119 species) Submyotodon (1 species) Subfamily Vespertilioninae (pipistrelle or serotine, full list): Antrozous (1 species) Arielulus (4 species) Baeodon (2 species) Barbastella (4 species) Bauerus (1 species) Chalinolobus (7 species) Corynorhinus (3 species) Eptesicus (26 species) Euderma (1 species) Falsistrellus (2 species) Glauconycteris (12 species) Glischropus (3 species) Hesperoptenus (5 species) Histiotus (7 species) Hypsugo (18 species) Ia (1 species) Idionycteris (1 species) Laephotis (4 species) Lasionycteris (1 species) Lasiurus (17 species) Mimetillus (1 species) Neoromicia (16 species) Nyctalus (8 species) Nycticeinops (1 species) Nycticeius (3 species) Nyctophilus (17 species (1 extinct)) Otonycteris (2 species) Parastrellus (1 species) Perimyotis (1 species) Pharotis (1 species) Philetor (1 species) Pipistrellus (33 species (2 extinct), common pipistrelle pictured) Plecotus (16 species) Rhogeessa (11 species) Rhyneptesicus (1 species) Scoteanax (1 species) Scotoecus (5 species) Scotomanes (1 species) Scotophilus (18 species) Scotorepens (4 species) Scotozous (1 species) Thainycteris (1 species) Tylonycteris (3 species) Vespadelus (9 species) Vespertilio (2 species)	Worldwide except for Antarctica Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 2 cm (1 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail (pygmy bamboo bat) to 13 cm (5 in) long, plus 10 cm (4 in) tail (Schreber's yellow bat)^[404] الموائل: Savanna, forest, caves, grassland, shrubland, desert, neritic marine, coastal marine, rocky areas, and inland wetlands^[405] المآكل: Insects, as well as fish^[406]

Suborder Yinpterochiroptera – Springer, Teeling, Madsen, Stanhope, & de Jong, 2001 – seven families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Craseonycteridae (Kitti's hog-nosed bat)	Hill, 1974 1 species in 1 genus Craseonycteris (1 species, Kitti's hog-nosed bat pictured)	Thailand and Myanmar Map of range	الحجم: 2–4 cm (1–2 in) long, with no tail^[407] الموائل: Forest and caves^[408] المأكل: Insects^[409]
Hipposideridae (Old World leaf-nosed bat) Brown bat	Lydekker, 1891 86 species in 7 genera (full list) Anthops (1 species) Asellia (4 species) Aselliscus (3 species) Coelops (2 species) Doryrhina (2 species) Hipposideros (70 species, Khajuria's leaf-nosed bat pictured) Macronycteris (4 species)	Africa, Asia, and northern Australia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 3 cm (1 in) long, with no tail (Malayan tailless leaf-nosed bat) to 13 cm (5 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (striped leaf-nosed bat)^[410] الموائل: Shrubland, forest, grassland, savanna, caves, desert, rocky areas, and inland wetlands^[411] المآكل: Insects^[412]
Megadermatidae (false vampire bat)	H. Allen, 1864 6 species in 6 genera Cardioderma (1 species) Eudiscoderma (1 species) Lavia (1 species) Lyroderma (1 species) Macroderma (1 species) Megaderma (1 species, lesser false vampire bat pictured)	Sub-Saharan Africa, southern and southeastern Asia, and northern Australia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 5 cm (2 in) long, with no tail (lesser false vampire bat) to 13 cm (5 in) long, with no tail (ghost bat)^[413] الموائل: Savanna, shrubland, forest, caves, desert, grassland, rocky areas, and inland wetlands^[414] المآكل: Insects and small vertebrates^[415]
Pteropodidae (fruit bat or megabat)	J. E. Gray, 1821 199 species (6 extinct) in 46 genera (full list) Subfamily Cynopterinae (flying dog): Aethalops (2 species) Alionycteris (1 species) Balionycteris (2 species) Chironax (1 species) Cynopterus (7 species, lesser short-nosed fruit bat pictured) Dyacopterus (3 species) Haplonycteris (1 species) Latidens (1 species) Megaerops (3 species) Otopteropus (1 species) Penthetor (1 species) Ptenochirus (3 species) Sphaerias (1 species) Thoopterus (2 species) Subfamily Eidolinae (palm bat): Eidolon (2 species) Subfamily Harpyionycterinae (naked-backed fruit bat): Aproteles (1 species) Boneia (1 species) Dobsonia (14 species) Harpyionycteris (2 species) Subfamily Nyctimeninae (tube-nosed fruit bat): Nyctimene (16 species) Paranyctimene (2 species) Subfamily Pteropodinae (flying fox): Acerodon (5 species) Desmalopex (2 species) Mirimiri (1 species) Neopteryx (1 species) Pteralopex (5 species) Pteropus (65 species (6 extinct)) Styloctenium (2 species) Subfamily Rousettinae (fruit bat): Casinycteris (2 species) Eonycteris (3 species) Epomophorus (12 species) Epomops (2 species) Hypsignathus (1 species) Megaloglossus (2 species) Myonycteris (5 species) Nanonycteris (1 species) Pilonycteris (1 species) Plerotes (1 species) Rousettus (7 species) Scotonycteris (3 species) Stenonycteris (1 species) Subfamily Macroglossusinae (long-tongued fruit bat): Macroglossus (2 species) Melonycteris (1 species) Nesonycteris (2 species) Notopteris (2 species) Syconycteris (3 species)	Africa, Asia, and Australia	نطاق الأحجام: 4 cm (2 in) long, plus a minute tail (long-tongued nectar bat) to 37 cm (15 in) long, with no tail (great flying fox)^[416] الموائل: Forest, caves, rocky areas, savanna, inland wetlands, grassland, and shrubland^[417] المآكل: Fruit, as well as flowers, pollen, and nectar^[418]
Rhinolophidae (horseshoe bat)	J. E. Gray, 1825 92 species in 1 genus (full list) Rhinolophus (92 species, rufous horseshoe bat pictured)	Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 3 cm (1 in) long, plus 1 cm (0.4 in) tail (Thai horseshoe bat) to 10 cm (4 in) long, plus 5 cm (2 in) tail (Maclaud's horseshoe bat)^[419] الموائل: Savanna, shrubland, forest, caves, desert, grassland, rocky areas, and inland wetlands^[420] المآكل: Insects^[421]
Rhinonycteridae (trident bat) Brown bat	J. E. Gray, 1866 9 species in 4 genera Cloeotis (1 species) Paratriaenops (3 species) Rhinonicteris (1 species) Triaenops (4 species, Persian trident bat pictured)	Africa, western Asia, and northern Australia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 3 cm (1 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) (Percival's trident bat) to 8 cm (3 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (African trident bat)^[422] الموائل: Forest, savanna, shrubland, caves, and rocky areas^[423] المآكل: Insects^[424]
Rhinopomatidae (mouse-tailed bat) Gray bat	Bonaparte, 1838 6 species in 1 genus Rhinopoma (6 species, small mouse-tailed bat pictured)	Northern and eastern Africa and western and southern Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 5 cm (2 in) long, plus 5 cm (2 in) tail (Egyptian mouse-tailed bat) to 9 cm (4 in) long, plus 9 cm (4 in) tail (greater mouse-tailed bat)^[407] الموائل: Grassland, shrubland, rocky areas, caves, forest, and desert^[425] المآكل: Insects^[426]

Eulipotyphla

Members of the Eulipotyphla order are called eulipotyphlans and include hedgehogs, shrews, and moles. They are found worldwide, and predominately eat insects, small vertebrates, and vegetation. Eulipotyphla comprises 4 families of 485 extant species in 53 genera. One additional species has been driven to extinction in modern times.

Not assigned to a named clade – four families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Erinaceidae (hedgehog) hedgehog	G. Fischer, 1814 24 species in 10 genera (full list) Subfamily Erinaceinae (hedgehog): Atelerix (4 species) Erinaceus (4 species, northern white-breasted hedgehog pictured) Hemiechinus (2 species) Mesechinus (2 species) Paraechinus (4 species) Subfamily Galericinae (gymnure): Echinosorex (1 species) Hylomys (3 species) Neohylomys (1 species) Neotetracus (1 species) Podogymnura (2 species)	Europe, Asia, and Africa, plus introduced to New Zealand Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 9 cm (4 in) long, plus 1 cm (0.4 in) tail (short-tailed gymnure) to 31 cm (12 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (northern white-breasted hedgehog)^[427] الموائل: Shrubland, desert, forest, grassland, inland wetlands, savanna, rocky areas, and caves^[428] المآكل: Insects, other invertebrates, a wide range of vertebrates, and carrion, as well as vegetation^[429]
Solenodontidae (solenodon)	Gill, 1872 2 species in 2 genera Atopogale (1 species) Solenodon (1 species, Hispaniolan solenodon pictured)	Cuba and Hispaniola Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 20 cm (8 in) long, plus 13 cm (5 in) tail (Cuban solenodon) to 49 cm (19 in) long, plus 25 cm (10 in) tail (Hispaniolan solenodon)^[430] الموائل: Forest and caves^[431] المآكل: Invertebrates, reptiles, fruit, vegetables, and birds^[432]
Soricidae (shrew) shrew	G. Fischer, 1814 418 species in 25 genera (full lists) Subfamily Crocidurinae (white-toothed shrew, full list): Crocidura (192 species) Diplomesodon (1 species) Feroculus (1 species) Paracrocidura (3 species) Ruwenzorisorex (1 species) Scutisorex (2 species) Solisorex (1 species) Suncus (18 species) Sylvisorex (15 species) Subfamily Myosoricinae (African shrews, full list): Congosorex (3 species) Myosorex (19 species) Surdisorex (3 species) Subfamily Soricinae (red-toothed shrews, full list): Anourosorex (4 species) Blarina (4 species) Blarinella (3 species) Chimarrogale (6 species) Chodsigoa (8 species) Cryptotis (41 species. North American least shrew pictured) Episoriculus (4 species) Megasorex (1 species) Nectogale (1 species) Neomys (4 species) Notiosorex (4 species) Sorex (76 species) Soriculus (1 species)	Worldwide except for Australia and Antarctica Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 3 cm (1 in) long, plus 2 cm (0.8 in) tail (Etruscan shrew) to 18 cm (7 in) long, plus 14 cm (6 in) tail (goliath shrew)^[433] الموائل: Shrubland, desert, coastal marine, rocky areas, forest, intertidal marine, grassland, inland wetlands, savanna, and caves^[434] المآكل: Insects and small vertebrates, as well as seeds and other plant material^[435]
Talpidae (mole)	G. Fischer, 1814 24 species in 17 genera (full list) Subfamily Scalopinae (New World mole): Condylura (1 species) Parascalops (1 species) Scalopus (1 species, eastern mole pictured) Scapanulus (3 species) Scapanus (3 species) Subfamily Talpinae (Old World mole): Desmana (1 species) Dymecodon (1 species) Euroscaptor (7 species) Galemys (1 species) Mogera (1 species) Neurotrichus (1 species) Parascaptor (1 species) Scaptochirus (1 species) Scaptonyx (1 species) Talpa (11 species) Urotrichus (1 species) Subfamily Uropsilinae (shrew-like mole): Uropsilus (4 species)	North America, Europe, and Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 6 cm (2 in) long, plus 5 cm (2 in) tail (Chinese shrew mole) to 24 cm (9 in) long, plus 21 cm (8 in) tail (Russian desman)^[436] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, inland wetlands, grassland, and coastal marine^[437] المآكل: Small animals and plants^[438]

Perissodactyla

Members of the Perissodactyla order are called perissodactyls or odd-toed ungulates, and include rhinoceroses, tapirs, and horses. They are found worldwide, and eat a variety of vegetation. Perissodactyla comprises 3 families of 18 extant species in 6 genera. These families are grouped into two suborders: Ceratomorpha, containing rhinoceroses and tapirs, and Hippomorpha, or horses.

Suborder Ceratomorpha – Wood, 1937 – two families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceros)	J. E. Gray, 1821 5 species in 4 genera Ceratotherium (1 species) Dicerorhinus (1 species) Diceros (1 species, black rhinoceros pictured) Rhinoceros (2 species)	Sub-Saharan Africa, northern India, Southeastern Asia	نطاق الأحجام: 236 cm (93 in) long, plus tail (Sumatran rhinoceros) to 420 cm (165 in) long, plus 70 cm (28 in) tail (white rhinoceros)^[439] الموائل: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, forest, desert, and inland wetlands^[440] المآكل: Succulent plants, as well as a variety of other vegetation^[441]
Tapiridae (tapir) Malayan tapir	J. E. Gray, 1821 4 species in 1 genus Tapirus (4 species, Malayan tapir pictured)	South America, Central America, and scattered southeastern Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 180 cm (71 in) long, plus 10 cm (4 in) tail (mountain tapir) to 300 cm (118 in) long, plus 10 cm (4 in) tail (Malayan tapir)^[442] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, grassland, savanna, and inland wetlands^[443] المآكل: Shoots, aquatic vegetation, leaves, buds, twigs, and fruit^[444]

Suborder Hippomorpha – Wood, 1937 – one family
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Equidae (horse or donkey)	J. E. Gray, 1821 9 species in 1 genus Equus (9 species, horse pictured)	Africa and Asia, plus worldwide distribution of domesticated horse and donkey Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 182 cm (72 in) long, plus 32 cm (13 in) tail (kiang) to 280 cm (110 in) long, plus 111 cm (44 in) tail (wild horse)^[445] الموائل: Shrubland, grassland, savanna, inland wetlands, and desert^[446] المآكل: Grass and shrubs^[447]

Pholidota

Members of the Pholidota order are called pholidotans or pangolins. They are found in Sub-Saharan Africa and southern and southeastern Asia, and eat ants and termites, as well as other insects. Pholidota comprises a single family of eight extant species in three genera.

Not assigned to a named clade – two families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Manidae (pangolin) pangolin	J. E. Gray, 1821 8 species in 3 genera Subfamily Maninae (Asian pangolins): Manis (4 species, Chinese pangolin pictured) Subfamily Phatagininae (African tree pangolins): Phataginus (2 species) Subfamily Smutsiinae (African ground pangolins): Smutsia (2 species)	Sub-Saharan Africa and southern and southeastern Asia Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 25 cm (10 in) long, plus 35 cm (14 in) tail (white-bellied pangolin) to 81 cm (32 in) long, plus 68 cm (27 in) tail (giant pangolin)^[448] الموائل: Savanna, forest, grassland, and shrubland^[449] المآكل: Ants and termites, as well as other insects^[450]

Superorder Xenarthra

Cingulata

Members of the Cingulata order are called cingulates or armadillos. They are found in South America and North America, and eat insects, other invertebrates, small reptiles, amphibians, and carrion. Cingulata comprises 2 families of 22 extant species in 9 genera.

Not assigned to a named clade – two families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Dasypodidae (long-nosed armadillo) Nine-banded armadillo	Gray, 1821 9 species in 1 genus Subfamily Dasypodinae: Dasypus (9 species, nine-banded armadillo pictured)	South America, and central, southern, and eastern North America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 24 cm (9 in) long, plus 12 cm (5 in) tail (seven-banded armadillo) to 90 cm (35 in) long, plus 43 cm (17 in) tail (hairy long-nosed armadillo)^[451] الموائل: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[452] المآكل: Insects, other invertebrates, small reptiles, and amphibians^[453]
Chlamyphoridae (armadillo) Six-banded armadillo	Bonaparte, 1850 13 species in 8 genera Subfamily Chlamyphorinae (fairy armadillo): Calyptophractus (1 species) Chlamyphorus (1 species) Subfamily Euphractinae (hairy armadillo): Chaetophractus (2 species) Euphractus (1 species, six-banded armadillo pictured) Zaedyus (1 species) Subfamily Tolypeutinae (armadillo): Cabassous (4 species) Priodontes (1 species) Tolypeutes (2 species)	South America and Central America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 11 cm (4 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail (pink fairy armadillo) to 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 50 cm (20 in) tail (giant armadillo)^[454] الموائل: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert^[455] المآكل: Insects, spiders, worms, rodents, lizards, snakes, other small vertebrates, and carrion^[456]

Pilosa

Members of the Pilosa order are called pilosans and include sloths and anteaters. They are found in Mexico, Central America, and South America, and the sloths eat leaves, twigs, and fruit, while the anteaters eat ants, termites, and other insects. Cingulata comprises thee families of nine extant species in four genera. These families are grouped into two suborders: Folivora, or sloths, and Vermilingua, or anteaters.

Suborder Folivora – Delsuc, Catzeflis, Stanhope, & Douzery, 2001 – two families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Bradypodidae (three-toed sloth) sloth	Gray, 1821 4 species in 1 genus Bradypus (4 species, brown-throated sloth pictured)	Central America and northern South America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 45–75 cm (18–30 in) long, plus 2–11 cm (1–4 in) tail (pale-throated sloth)^[457] الموائل: Forest^[458] المآكل: Leaves, twigs, and buds^[459]
Choloepodidae (two-toed sloth) sloth	Gray, 1871 2 species in 1 genus Choloepus (2 species, Hoffmann's two-toed sloth pictured)	Central America and northern South America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 50 cm (20 in) long, plus 1 cm (0 in) tail (Hoffmann's two-toed sloth) to 88 cm (35 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (Linnaeus's two-toed sloth)^[457] الموائل: Forest, shrubland, and grassland^[460] المآكل: Leaves, twigs, and fruit^[461]

Suborder Vermilingua – Illiger, 1811 – two families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Cyclopedidae (silky anteater) anteater	Pocock, 1924 1 species in 1 genus Cyclopes (1 species, silky anteater pictured)	Central America and northern and eastern South America Map of range	الحجم: About 20 cm (8 in) long, plus 16–29 cm (6–11 in) tail^[462] الموائل: Forest^[463] المأكل: Termites and other insects^[464]
Myrmecophagidae (anteater)	Gray, 1825 2 species in 1 genus Myrmecophaga (1 species, giant anteater pictured) Tamandua (2 species)	Mexico, Central America, and South America Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 47 cm (19 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (southern tamandua) to 140 cm (55 in) long, plus 90 cm (35 in) tail (giant anteater)^[465] الموائل: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[466] المآكل: Ants, termites, and other insects^[467]

Monotremata

Monotremata is the smallest of the three main divisions of mammals, containing only five extant species. It is distinguished from other mammals in that the monotremes are egg-laying rather than bearing live young, but, like all mammals, the female monotremes nurse their young with milk.^[4] Unlike the other two divisions, it is considered an order rather than an infraclass, and in turn contains two families of extant species grouped together in the superfamily Ornithorhynchoidea: Ornithorhynchidae, containing only the platypus, and Tachyglossidae, containing four species of echidna in two genera. Monotremes are found in Australia and New Guinea and are carnivorous, eating insects, worms, shrimp, tadpoles, and small fish.

Superfamily Ornithorhynchoidea – Flannery, McCurry, Rich, Vickers-Rich, Smith, & Helgen, 2024 – two families
الاسم	السلطة والنوع	النطاق	الحجم والبيئة
Ornithorhynchidae (platypus) Platypus	Gray, 1825 1 species in 1 genus Ornithorhynchus (1 species, platypus pictured)	Eastern Australia Map of range	الحجم: 37–63 cm (15–25 in) long, plus tail^[468] الموائل: Inland wetlands^[469] المأكل: Crayfish, shrimp, water insect larvae, snails, tadpoles, worms, and small fish^[470]
Tachyglossidae (echidna) Echidna	Gill, 1872 4 species in 2 genera Tachyglossus (1 species, short-beaked echidna pictured) Zaglossus (3 species)	Australia and New Guinea Map of range	نطاق الأحجام: 30 cm (12 in) long (short-beaked echidna) to 63 cm (25 in) long (eastern long-beaked echidna)^[468] الموائل: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert^[471] المآكل: Termites, ants, other insects, and worms^[472]

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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 1637–1641
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 366–367
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1703
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^ ^أ ^ب Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1664
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1680
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^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 367–374
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1688
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 1652–1658
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1642
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1644
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 365–366
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1681
^ ^أ ^ب Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 350
^ "Petromuridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1650
^ "Thryonomyidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1651
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 213
^ "Calomyscidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1418
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 220–280
^ "Cricetidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ ^أ ^ب ^ت Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1346
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 206–209
^ ^أ ^ب "Dipodidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1329
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 281–348
^ "Muridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 214–219
^ "Nesomyidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 209
^ "Platacanthomyidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1432
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 204–205
^ "Sminthidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1330
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 210–213
^ "Spalacidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 1427–1429
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 205–206
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 1331–1333
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 374
^ "Aplodontiidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1245
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 402–403
^ "Gliridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1626
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 375–401
^ "Sciuridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1246
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 586
^ "Antilocapridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1134
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1135
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1092
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 1085–1086
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 597
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1090
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 1081–1084
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 630–633
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1054
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 1065–1067
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1072
^ ^أ ^ب Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 566
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 964
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 962
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 919–945
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 567
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 961
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 585
^ "Hippopotamidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 1069–1071
^ ^أ ^ب ^ت Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 575
^ "Iniidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 906
^ ^أ ^ب Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 570
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 902
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^ "Monodontidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 907
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 583–584
^ "Phocoenidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 911
^ "Physeteridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 956
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^ "Pontoporiidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 903
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 570–574
^ "Ziphiidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 946
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^ "Ailuridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 696
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 705
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 865
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 840
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^ "Phocidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 867
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^ "Procyonidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 695
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 670–672
^ "Ursidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 678
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, pp. 766–771, 785
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 794
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 786
^ ^أ ^ب Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 640
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^ "Prionodontidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 756
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 650–655
^ "Viverridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 749
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 528
^ "Cistugidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 418
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 307
^ ^أ ^ب Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 491
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 410
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 463
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^ "Molossidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 472
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 492–493
^ "Mormoopidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 343
^ ^أ ^ب Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 490
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 408
^ "Myzopodidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ ^أ ^ب Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 414
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^ "Natalidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 409
^ "Noctilionidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 349
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 489–490
^ "Nycteridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 323
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 494–513
^ "Phyllostomidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 353
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 491–492
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 417
^ ^أ ^ب Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 465
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 322
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 333
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^ "Megadermatidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 324
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 260
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 332
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 170
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 201
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 406–441
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 203
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^ "Talpidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 229
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1029
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 636
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1026
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 634–635
^ "Equidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1241
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 79
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 166
^ Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 79–81
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, pp. 159–163
^ ^أ ^ب Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 83
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^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 151
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^ "Cyclopedidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
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^ "Myrmecophagidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.
^ Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 154
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[AllMam4142-11] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 41–42

[IUCNCaenolestidae-12] "Caenolestidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld3637-13] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, pp. 36–37

[AllMam4349-14] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 43–49

[IUCNDasyuridae-15] "Dasyuridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld42-16] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 42

[AllMam43-17] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 43

[IUCNMyrmecobiidae-18] "Myrmecobiidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld66-19] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 66

[ADWThylacine-20] Treu, Paul (2013). "Thylacinus cynocephalus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved November 25, 2022.

[IUCNThylacinidae-21] "Thylacinidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld68-22] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 68

[AllMam61-23] أ ^ب Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 61

[IUCNHypsiprymnodontidae-24] "Hypsiprymnodontidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld98-25] أ ^ب Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 98

[AllMam62669-26] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 62–69

[IUCNMacropodidae-27] "Macropodidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld105-28] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 105

[AllMam6162-29] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 61–62

[IUCNPotoroidae-30] "Potoroidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[IUCNAcrobatidae-31] "Acrobatidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld145-32] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 145

[AllMam53-33] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 53

[IUCNBurramyidae-34] "Burramyidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld130-35] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 130

[AllMam5960-36] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 59–60

[IUCNPetauridae-37] "Petauridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld139-38] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 139

[AllMam5357-39] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 53–57

[IUCNPhalangeridae-40] "Phalangeridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld8997-41] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, pp. 89–97

[AllMam5759-42] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 57–59

[IUCNPseudocheiridae-43] "Pseudocheiridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld132-44] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 132

[AllMam60-45] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 60

[IUCNTarsipedidae-46] "Tarsipedidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld143-47] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 143

[AllMam52-48] أ ^ب Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 52

[IUCNPhascolarctidae-49] "Phascolarctidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld85-50] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 85

[IUCNVombatidae-51] "Vombatidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld86-52] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 86

[AllMam42-53] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 42

[IUCNMicrobiotheriidae-54] "Microbiotheriidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld40-55] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 40

[AllMam202203-56] أ ^ب Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 202–203

[IUCNNotoryctidae-57] "Notoryctidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld83-58] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 83

[MarsWorld124-59] أ ^ب Nowak 2005, p. 124

[IUCNChaeropodidae-60] "Chaeropodidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[AllMam5051-61] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 50–51

[IUCNPeramelidae-62] "Peramelidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld69-63] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 69

[AllMam49-64] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 49

[IUCNThylacomyidae-65] "Thylacomyidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld72-66] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 72

[AllMam7273-67] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 72–73

[IUCNChrysochloridae-68] "Chrysochloridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld180-69] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 180

[AllMam72-70] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 72

[IUCNPotamogalidae-71] "Potamogalidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld187188-72] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, pp. 177–188

[AllMam6971-73] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 69–71

[IUCNTenrecidae-74] "Tenrecidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld189198-75] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, pp. 189–198

[AllMam76-76] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 76

[IUCNProcaviidae-77] "Procaviidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1043-78] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1043

[AllMam7475-79] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 74–75

[IUCNMacroscelididae-80] "Macroscelididae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1740-81] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1740

[AllMam77-82] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 77

[IUCNElephantidae-83] "Elephantidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld996999-84] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 996–999

[AllMam78-85] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 78

[IUCNDugongidae-86] "Dugongidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld984987-87] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 984–987

[IUCNTrichechidae-88] "Trichechidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld989992-89] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 989–992

[AllMam75-90] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 75

[IUCNOrycteropodidae-91] "Orycteropodidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1049-92] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1049

[AllMam84-93] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 84

[IUCNPtilocercidae-94] "Ptilocercidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld249-95] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 249

[AllMam8485-96] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 84–85

[IUCNTupaiidae-97] "Tupaiidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld244-98] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 244

[AllMam85-99] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 85

[IUCNCynocephalidae-100] "Cynocephalidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld252-101] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 252

[AllMam184191-102] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 184–191

[IUCNLeporidae-103] "Leporidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1720-104] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1720

[AllMam180183-105] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 180–183

[IUCNOchotonidae-106] "Ochotonidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1718-107] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1718

[AllMam118119-108] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 118–119

[IUCNAotidae-109] "Aotidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld552-110] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 552

[AllMam137142-111] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 137–142

[IUCNAtelidae-112] "Atelidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld539543-113] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, pp. 539–543

[AllMam111118-114] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 111–118

[IUCNCallitrichidae-115] "Callitrichidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld558-116] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 558

[AllMam120124-117] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 120–124

[IUCNCebidae-118] "Cebidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld553556-119] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, pp. 553–556

[AllMam143172-120] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 143–172

[IUCNCercopithecidae-121] "Cercopithecidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld570608-122] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, pp. 570–608

[AllMam178180-123] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 178–180

[IUCNHominidae-124] "Hominidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld615623-125] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, pp. 615–623

[AllMam173177-126] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 173–177

[IUCNHylobatidae-127] "Hylobatidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld611-128] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 611

[AllMam125137-129] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 125–137

[IUCNPitheciidae-130] "Pitheciidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld545551-131] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, pp. 545–551

[AllMam109111-132] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 109–111

[IUCNTarsiidae-133] "Tarsiidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld535-134] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 535

[AllMam8690-135] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 86–90

[IUCNCheirogaleidae-136] "Cheirogaleidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld506510-137] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, pp. 506–510

[AllMam102-138] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 102

[IUCNDaubentoniidae-139] "Daubentoniidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld534-140] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 534

[AllMam102106-141] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 102–106

[IUCNGalagidae-142] "Galagidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld500505-143] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, pp. 500–505

[AllMam98101-144] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 98–101

[IUCNIndriidae-145] "Indriidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld524-146] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 524

[AllMam9498-147] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 94–98

[IUCNLemuridae-148] "Lemuridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld512519-149] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, pp. 512–519

[AllMam9093-150] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 90–93

[IUCNLepilemuridae-151] "Lepilemuridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld522-152] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 522

[AllMam106109-153] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 106–109

[IUCNLorisidae-154] "Lorisidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld495499-155] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, pp. 495–499

[IUCNAnomaluridae-156] "Anomaluridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld16191620-157] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 1619–1620

[AllMam203-158] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 203

[IUCNPedetidae-159] "Pedetidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1621-160] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1621

[AllMam191-161] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 191

[IUCNCastoridae-162] "Castoridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1307-163] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1307

[AllMam198202-164] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 198–202

[IUCNGeomyidae-165] "Geomyidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1310-166] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1310

[AllMam192198-167] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 192–198

[IUCNHeteromyidae-168] "Heteromyidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1319-169] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1319

[AllMam359-170] أ ^ب Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 359

[IUCNAbrocomidae-171] "Abrocomidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1687-172] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1687

[AllMam351353-173] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 351–353

[IUCNBathyergidae-174] "Bathyergidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld16371641-175] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 1637–1641

[AllMam366367-176] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 366–367

[IUCNCapromyidae-177] "Capromyidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1703-178] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1703

[AllMam355356-179] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 355–356

[IUCNCaviidae-180] "Caviidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1664-181] أ ^ب Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1664

[AllMam358-182] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 358

[IUCNChinchillidae-183] "Chinchillidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld16601662-184] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 1660–1662

[AllMam349-185] أ ^ب Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 349

[IUCNCtenodactylidae-186] "Ctenodactylidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1622-187] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1622

[AllMam360364-188] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 360–364

[IUCNCtenomyidae-189] "Ctenomyidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1680-190] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1680

[AllMam355-191] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 355

[IUCNCuniculidae-192] "Cuniculidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1678-193] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1678

[AllMam357358-194] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 357–358

[IUCNDasyproctidae-195] "Dasyproctidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld16751676-196] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 1675–1676

[IUCNDiatomyidae-197] "Diatomyidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[DiatomyidaeDiet-198] Jenkins, P. D.; Kilpatrick, C. W.; Robinson, M. F.; Timmins, R. J. (2005). "Morphological and molecular investigations of a new family, genus and species of rodent (Mammalia: Rodentia: Hystricognatha) from Lao PDR". Systematics and Biodiversity. 2 (4): 419–454. Bibcode:2005SyBio...2..419J. doi:10.1017/S1477200004001549. S2CID 86411689.

[IUCNDinomyidae-199] "Dinomyidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[AllMam367374-200] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 367–374

[IUCNEchimyidae-201] "Echimyidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1688-202] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1688

[AllMam353354-203] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 353–354

[IUCNErethizontidae-204] "Erethizontidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld16521658-205] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 1652–1658

[AllMam351-206] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 351

[IUCNHeterocephalidae-207] "Heterocephalidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1642-208] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1642

[AllMam349350-209] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 349–350

[IUCNHystricidae-210] "Hystricidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1644-211] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1644

[AllMam365366-212] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 365–366

[IUCNOctodontidae-213] "Octodontidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1681-214] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1681

[AllMam350-215] أ ^ب Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 350

[IUCNPetromuridae-216] "Petromuridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1650-217] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1650

[IUCNThryonomyidae-218] "Thryonomyidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1651-219] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1651

[AllMam213-220] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 213

[IUCNCalomyscidae-221] "Calomyscidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1418-222] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1418

[AllMam220280-223] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 220–280

[IUCNCricetidae-224] "Cricetidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1346-225] أ ^ب ^ت Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1346

[AllMam206209-226] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 206–209

[IUCNDipodidae-227] أ ^ب "Dipodidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1329-228] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1329

[AllMam281348-229] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 281–348

[IUCNMuridae-230] "Muridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[AllMam214219-231] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 214–219

[IUCNNesomyidae-232] "Nesomyidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[AllMam209-233] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 209

[IUCNPlatacanthomyidae-234] "Platacanthomyidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1432-235] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1432

[AllMam204205-236] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 204–205

[IUCNSminthidae-237] "Sminthidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1330-238] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1330

[AllMam210213-239] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 210–213

[IUCNSpalacidae-240] "Spalacidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld14271429-241] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 1427–1429

[AllMam205206-242] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 205–206

[MamWorld13311333-243] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 1331–1333

[AllMam374-244] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 374

[IUCNAplodontiidae-245] "Aplodontiidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1245-246] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1245

[AllMam402403-247] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 402–403

[IUCNGliridae-248] "Gliridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1626-249] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1626

[AllMam375401-250] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 375–401

[IUCNSciuridae-251] "Sciuridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1246-252] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1246

[AllMam586-253] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 586

[IUCNAntilocapridae-254] "Antilocapridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1134-255] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1134

[AllMam598629-256] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 598–629

[IUCNBovidae-257] "Bovidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1135-258] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1135

[AllMam588596-259] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 588–596

[IUCNCervidae-260] "Cervidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1092-261] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1092

[AllMam587-262] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 587

[IUCNGiraffidae-263] "Giraffidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld10851086-264] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 1085–1086

[AllMam597-265] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 597

[IUCNMoschidae-266] "Moschidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1090-267] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1090

[AllMam585586-268] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 585–586

[IUCNTragulidae-269] "Tragulidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld10811084-270] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 1081–1084

[AllMam630633-271] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 630–633

[IUCNSuidae-272] "Suidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1054-273] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1054

[AllMam633-274] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 633

[IUCNTayassuidae-275] "Tayassuidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld10651067-276] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 1065–1067

[AllMam634-277] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 644

[IUCNCamelidae-278] "Camelidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1072-279] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1072

[AllMam566-280] أ ^ب Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 566

[IUCNBalaenidae-281] "Balaenidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld964-282] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 964

[AllMam567569-283] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 567–569

[IUCNBalaenopteridae-284] "Balaenopteridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld972-285] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 972

[IUCNCetotheriidae-286] "Cetotheriidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld962-287] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 962

[AllMam576583-288] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 576–583

[IUCNDelphinidae-289] "Delphinidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld919945-290] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 919–945

[AllMam567-291] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 567

[IUCNEschrichtiidae-292] "Eschrichtiidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld961-293] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 961

[AllMam585-294] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 585

[IUCNHippopotamidae-295] "Hippopotamidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld10691071-296] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, pp. 1069–1071

[AllMam575-297] أ ^ب ^ت Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 575

[IUCNIniidae-298] "Iniidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld906-299] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 906

[AllMam570-300] أ ^ب Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 570

[IUCNKogiidae-301] "Kogiidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld953-302] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 953

[IUCNLipotidae-303] "Lipotidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld902-304] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 902

[AllMam576-305] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 576

[IUCNMonodontidae-306] "Monodontidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld907-307] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 907

[AllMam583584-308] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 583–584

[IUCNPhocoenidae-309] "Phocoenidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld911-310] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 911

[IUCNPhyseteridae-311] "Physeteridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld956-312] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 956

[AllMam574-313] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 574

[IUCNPlatanistidae-314] "Platanistidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld901-315] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 901

[IUCNPontoporiidae-316] "Pontoporiidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld903-317] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 903

[AllMam570574-318] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 570–574

[IUCNZiphiidae-319] "Ziphiidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld946-320] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 946

[AllMam681-321] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 681

[IUCNAiluridae-322] "Ailuridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld696-323] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 696

[AllMam663669-324] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 663–669

[IUCNCanidae-325] "Canidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld638677-326] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, pp. 638–677

[AllMam681683-327] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 681–683

[IUCNMephitidae-328] "Mephitidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld734736-329] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, pp. 734–736

[AllMam683691-330] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 683–691

[IUCNMustelidae-331] "Mustelidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld705-332] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 705

[AllMam676-333] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 676

[IUCNOdobenidae-334] "Odobenidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld865-335] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 865

[AllMam673676-336] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 673–676

[IUCNOtariidae-337] "Otariidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld840-338] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 840

[AllMam677680-339] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 677–680

[IUCNPhocidae-340] "Phocidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld867-341] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 867

[AllMam692693-342] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 692–693

[IUCNProcyonidae-343] "Procyonidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld695-344] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 695

[AllMam670672-345] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 670–672

[IUCNUrsidae-346] "Ursidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld678-347] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 678

[AllMam661662-348] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 661–662

[IUCNEupleridae-349] "Eupleridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld766771785-350] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, pp. 766–771, 785

[AllMam640650-351] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 640–650

[IUCNFelidae-352] "Felidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld794-353] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 794

[AllMam656660-354] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 656–660

[IUCNHerpestidae-355] "Herpestidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld769785-356] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, pp. 769–785

[AllMam662663-357] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 662–663

[IUCNHyaenidae-358] "Hyaenidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld786-359] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 786

[AllMam640-360] أ ^ب Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 640

[IUCNNandiniidae-361] "Nandiniidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld757-362] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 757

[IUCNPrionodontidae-363] "Prionodontidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld756-364] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 756

[AllMam650655-365] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 650–655

[IUCNViverridae-366] "Viverridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld749-367] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 749

[AllMam528-368] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 528

[IUCNCistugidae-369] "Cistugidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld418-370] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 418

[AllMam484488-371] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 484–488

[IUCNEmballonuridae-372] "Emballonuridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld307-373] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 307

[AllMam491-374] أ ^ب Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 491

[IUCNFuripteridae-375] "Furipteridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld410-376] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 410

[AllMam525528-377] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 525–528

[IUCNMiniopteridae-378] "Miniopteridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld463-379] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 463

[AllMam515525-380] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 515–525

[IUCNMolossidae-381] "Molossidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld472-382] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 472

[AllMam492493-383] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 492–493

[IUCNMormoopidae-384] "Mormoopidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld343-385] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 343

[AllMam490-386] أ ^ب Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 490

[IUCNMystacinidae-387] "Mystacinidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld408-388] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 408

[IUCNMyzopodidae-389] "Myzopodidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld414-390] أ ^ب Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 414

[AllMam514-391] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 514

[IUCNNatalidae-392] "Natalidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld409-393] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 409

[IUCNNoctilionidae-394] "Noctilionidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld349-395] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 349

[AllMam489490-396] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 489–490

[IUCNNycteridae-397] "Nycteridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld323-398] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 323

[AllMam494513-399] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 494–513

[IUCNPhyllostomidae-400] "Phyllostomidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld353-401] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 353

[AllMam491492-402] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 491–492

[IUCNThyropteridae-403] "Thyropteridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[AllMam528565-404] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 528–565

[IUCNVespertilionidae-405] "Vespertilionidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld417-406] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 417

[AllMam465-407] أ ^ب Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 465

[IUCNCraseonycteridae-408] "Craseonycteridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld322-409] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 322

[AllMam467475-410] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 467–475

[IUCNHipposideridae-411] "Hipposideridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld333-412] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 333

[AllMam466-413] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 466

[IUCNMegadermatidae-414] "Megadermatidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld324-415] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 324

[AllMam448465-416] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 448–465

[IUCNPteropodidae-417] "Pteropodidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld260-418] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 260

[AllMam475483-419] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 475–483

[IUCNRhinolophidae-420] "Rhinolophidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld332-421] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 332

[AllMam466467-422] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 466–467

[IUCNRhinonycteridae-423] "Rhinonycteridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld339342-424] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, pp. 339–342

[IUCNRhinopomatidae-425] "Rhinopomatidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld306-426] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 306

[AllMam404406-427] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 404–406

[IUCNErinaceidae-428] "Erinaceidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld170-429] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 170

[AllMam447-430] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 447

[IUCNSolenodontidae-431] "Solenodontidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld201-432] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 201

[AllMam406441-433] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 406–441

[IUCNSoricidae-434] "Soricidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld203-435] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 203

[AllMam442447-436] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 442–447

[IUCNTalpidae-437] "Talpidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld229-438] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 229

[AllMam636637-439] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 636–637

[IUCNRhinocerotidae-440] "Rhinocerotidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1029-441] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1029

[AllMam636-442] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 636

[IUCNTapiridae-443] "Tapiridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1026-444] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1026

[AllMam634635-445] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 634–635

[IUCNEquidae-446] "Equidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1010-447] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1010

[AllMam638639-448] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 638–639

[IUCNManidae-449] "Manidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld1241-450] Nowak 1990 vol. 2, p. 1241

[AllMam79-451] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 79

[IUCNDasypodidae-452] "Dasypodidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld166-453] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 166

[AllMam7981-454] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 79–81

[IUCNChlamyphoridae-455] "Chlamyphoridae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld159163-456] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, pp. 159–163

[AllMam83-457] أ ^ب Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 83

[IUCNBradypodidae-458] "Bradypodidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld153-459] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 153

[IUCNCholoepodidae-460] "Choloepodidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld151-461] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 151

[AllMam82-462] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 82

[IUCNCyclopedidae-463] "Cyclopedidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld157-464] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 157

[AllMam81-465] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 81

[IUCNMyrmecophagidae-466] "Myrmecophagidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld154-467] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 154

[AllMam30-468] أ ^ب Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 30

[IUCNOrnithorhynchidae-469] "Ornithorhynchidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld13-470] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 13

[IUCNTachyglossidae-471] "Tachyglossidae - Family". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 2, 2026.

[MamWorld8-472] Nowak 1990 vol. 1, p. 8

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