سمر (مقاطعة)

Coordinates: 11°50′N 125°00′E / 11.833°N 125.000°E / 11.833; 125.000
(تم التحويل من Samar)
هذا المقال هو عن مقاطعة في الفلپين. إذا كنت تريد استخدامات أخرى، انظر سمر (توضيح).
سمر
Samar
Lalawigan han Samar
Lalawigan ng Samar
مقاطعة
مقاطعة سمر
علم سمر Samar
Flag
الختم الرسمي لـ سمر Samar
الشعار
خريطة الفلپين موضح عليها سمر.
خريطة الفلپين موضح عليها سمر.
الإحداثيات: 11°50′N 125°00′E / 11.833°N 125.000°E / 11.833; 125.000
البلد الفلپين
المنطقةبيسايا الشرقية (المنطقة الثامنة)
تأسست1768 (انفصلت عن ليته)
Capitalمدينة كاتبالوگان
الحكومة
 • النوعمقاطعات الفلپين
 • الحاكمSharee Ann T. Tan (NPC)
 • نائب الحاكمStephen James T. Tan (NP)
 • دائرة التمثيل الثانيةMilagrosa T. Tan (NPC)
 • دائرة التمثيل الأولىMel Senen S. Sarmiento (ليبرالي)
المساحة
[1]
 • الإجمالي6٬048٫03 كم² (2٬335٫16 ميل²)
ترتيب المساحة13
التعداد
 (2010)[2]
 • الإجمالي733٬777
 • الترتيب39
 • ترتيب الكثافة63
التقسيمات
 • المدن المستقلة0
 • Component cities2
 • البلديات24
 • البلدات951
 • الدائرةدائرة التمثيل الأولى والثانية في سمر
منطقة التوقيتUTC+8 (PHT)
الرمز البريدي
6700 - 6725
رمز الهاتف55
اللغات المنطوقةواراي-واراي، الإنگليزية
الموقع الإلكترونيsamar.lgu-ph.com

سمر Samar (بالتاگالوگية: Lalawigan ng Samar)، هي مقاطعة في الفلپين تقع في منطقة بيسايا الشرقية. عاصمتها مدينة كاتبالوگان وتغطي الجزء الغربي من جزيرة سمر (ولذلك تعرف أيضاً بسمر الغربية) وكذلك جزر مختلفة في بحر سمر تقع غرب البر الرئيسي. المقاطعة تحدها من الشمال سمر الشمالية ومن الشرق سمر الشرقية. تتصل سمر بجزيرة مقاطعة ليته عن طريق جسر سان جوانيكو، والذي يمتد من مضيق سان جوانيو، أضيق مضيق في العالم. وإلى الجنوب منها يوجد خليج ليته.

الصيد والزراعة هي الأنشطة الاقتصادية الرئيسية في المقاطعة.[3]

التاريخ

Pre-history

Around 2 million to 8000 B.C., based on geologic findings, during the ice ages (2 million years – 8000 B.C.), the islands of Mindoro, Luzon, and Mindanao were connected as one big island through the islands of Samar, Leyte and Bohol.

Pre-colonial era

In 8550 B.C., diggings in Sohoton Caves in Basey, Samar showed stone flake tools. In 1200 A.D., other diggings along the Basey River revealed other stone flakes used until the 13th century.[4]

Spanish era

In 1543, the explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, first came to the island and named it Las Islas Filipinas.

In 1596, many names, such as Samal, Ibabao, and Tandaya, were given to Samar Island prior to the coming of the Spaniards in 1596. During the early days of Spanish occupation, Samar was under the jurisdiction of Cebu.

On October 15, 1596, the first Jesuit missionaries arrived in Tinago (now Dapdap) in Tarangnan. From Tinago, the missionaries, Fr. Francisco de Otazo, Bartolome Martes and Domingo Alonzo began teaching Catechism, healing the sick and spreading the Christian faith into the interior settlements.

On June 1, 1649, the people of Palapag led by Agustin Sumuroy revolted against the decree of Governor General Diego Fajardo requiring able bodied men from the Visayas for service at the Cavite Shipyards. Like wildfire, the revolt quickly spread to the neighboring town in the Northern and Western coast of Samar and to the nearby provinces of Bicol, Surigao, Cebu, Camiguin and as far as Zamboanga. It was suppressed in 1650 by the combined forces of the Spaniards, Lutaos, and Pampangos.

In 1735, Samar and Leyte were united into one province with Carigara, in Leyte, as the capital town. In 1747, Samar and Leyte were separated for administrative effectiveness. In 1762, complaints from the Jesuits that the division was not working well, thus it was reunited again by the approval from the King of Spain.

In 1768, Jesuits were expelled in all Spanish dominions. The Franciscans arrived on September 25, 1768, and took over the administration of 14 of the 17 parishes which were under the spiritual care of the Jesuits for almost 172 years. The administration of the remaining three parishes namely Guiuan, Balangiga and Basey in the south of Samar were given to the Augustinians.

In 1777, the two provinces were divided for the last time, it was approved in Madrid in 1786 and had been effective in 1799.

In 1803, Guiuan, Balangiga and Basey were turned over to the Franciscans for the lack of Augustinian priests.

On August 11, 1841, Queen Isabella II of Spain signed a Royal Decree declaring Samar as a province.

American era

The Battle of Catubig occurred on April 15–18, 1900 during the Philippine–American War.

On April 15, 1900, the Filipino guerrillas launched a surprise attack on a detachment of the US 43rd Infantry Regiment, forcing the Americans to abandon Catubig town after the four-day siege.

In 1901, the Balangiga massacre occurred during the Philippine–American War.

On September 28, 1901, the people of Balangiga, Giporlos, Lawaan and Quinapondan in Eastern Samar surprised and attacked the American forces stationed there, killing 48 American soldiers. To avenge their defeat, American general Jacob H. Smith ordered his men to turn Samar into a "howling wilderness".

On April 10, 1910, upon the papal bull of Pope Pius X separated the islands of Samar and Leyte from the Diocese of Cebu and erected the Diocese of Calbayog comprising both islands. Pablo Singzon de Anunciacion was named first Bishop and consecrated on June 12, 1910.

Japanese era

In 1942, the occupying Imperial Japanese forces arrived in the province of Samar.

On October 24, 1944, the Battle off Samar took place as Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita's Center Force warships clashed with several allied naval vessels in a collision course. His forces sank escort carrier يوإس‌إس Gambier Bay (CVE-73), destroyers يوإس‌إس Hoel (DD-533) and يوإس‌إس Johnston (DD-557), and escort destroyer يوإس‌إس Samuel B. Roberts (DE-413), but at a cost of his cruisers Chikuma, Chokai, and Suzuya. Despite being a tactical victory for the Imperial Japanese Navy, it did not alter the course of the Philippines campaign.

Postwar era

On June 19, 1965, the Philippine Congress along with the three Samar Representatives, Eladio T. Balite (1st District), Fernando R. Veloso (2nd District) and Felipe J. Abrigo (3rd District), approved Republic Act No. 4221 dividing the region of Samar into three divisions: Northern Samar, Eastern Samar, and Western Samar. Each region adopted a new capital: Catbalogan (Western Samar), Borongan (Eastern Samar), and Catarman (Northern Samar).[5] The law was later ratified by the majority of voters through a plebiscite held on November 9, 1965.[6] Esteban Piczon, the last governor of undivided Samar, continued as the first governor of Western Samar, while the aforementioned representatives were re-elected for the new provinces in 1965. The first provincial officials of Western Samar were elected on November 14, 1967, and on January 1, 1968, they officially assumed office.

On June 21, 1969, under Republic Act No. 5650, Western Samar was renamed Samar with Catbalogan still as the capital.[7]

Marcos dictatorship

المقالة الرئيسية: Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos and Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship

The beginning months of the 1970s had marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in Samar.[8] respectively[9][10][11] During his bid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for a second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of foreign debt-funded public works projects. This caused[12][13] the Philippine economy to take a sudden downwards turn known as the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, which led to a period of economic difficulty and a significant rise of social unrest.[14][15][16][17] (p. "43") With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president, Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years.[18] This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses,[19][20] particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.[21] In Samar province itself, there were a number of Human rights violations particularly associated with the various political detainees at Camp Lukban in Barangay Maulong, which was then still under the Philippine Constabulary.[8]

This era also saw the construction of the San Juanico Bridge between Samar and Leyte, which began as one of the high-visibility foreign-loan funded projects of Ferdinand Marcos’ 1969 reelection campaign, and finished four years later in time to be inaugurated on then-First Lady Imelda Marcos' birthday on July 2, 1973.[22] The project was initially criticised as a white elephant by officials at the National Economic and Development Authority, noting that it was "useless and expensive to maintain",[23] because its average daily traffic was too low to justify the cost of its construction.[23] As a result, its construction has been associated with what has been called the Marcoses' "edifice complex"[24][25] although economic activity in Samar and Leyte has since finally caught up with the bridge's intended function.[25] At the time, its name was used as a slang term for onte of the torture methods used by the Marcos dictatorship, in which a person being beaten while the victim's head and feet lay on separate beds and the body is suspended as though to form a bridge.[26][27][28]

The Marcos era was a time of significant deforestation in Samar and throughout the Philippines, with the forest cover of the Philippines shrinking until only 8% remained.[29][30][31] In Samar, one of the major companies given Timber License Agreements (TLAs) to cut down trees during Martial Law was Dolores Timber, which was owned by Juan Ponce Enrile.[31] Enrile was the government official Ferdinand Marcos put in place to approve Timber License Agreements during Martial Law.[31]

Contemporary

The capital town Catbalogan became a component city by virtue of Republic Act No. 9391 which sought to convert the municipality into a city. The law was ratified on June 16, 2007. However, the cityhood status was lost twice in the years 2008 and 2010 after the League of Cities of the Philippines questioned the validity of the cityhood law. The cityhood status was reaffirmed after the Supreme Court finalized its ruling on February 15, 2011, which declared the cityhood law constitutional.

On November 8, 2013, Typhoon Haiyan, locally known as Typhoon Yolanda, hit Samar province.[32] More than 300 people perished on the first day it hit the province.[33]

In June 2018, a friendly fire incident happened between Philippine National Police and the Armed Forces of the Philippines under the administration of Rodrigo Duterte. The incident led to the death of numerous police officials of Waray ethnic origin.[34][35]

On January 22, 2019, House Bill No. 8824 was introduced in the House of Representatives by Representative Edgar Mary Sarmiento to establish a new province called "Northwestern Samar", consisting of nine municipalities and one city of Samar's 1st congressional district, of which Calbayog would be the designated capital. The bill is yet to be reviewed.[36]

الجغرافيا

Samar province covers a total area of 6،048.03 متر كيلومربع (2،335.16 sq mi)nscb occupying the central-western sections of the Samar island in the Eastern Visayas region. The province is bordered on the north by Northern Samar, east by Eastern Samar, south by Leyte and Leyte Gulf, and west by the Samar Sea.

التقسيمات الإدارية

Political divisions

The province of Samar comprises two congressional districts, 24 municipalities and two component cities. It has a total of 952 barangays.

  •  †  Provincial capital and component city
  •  ∗  Component city
  •      Municipality

الديموغرافيا

تعداد سكان سمر
السنةتعداد±% p.a.
1990 533٬733—    
1995 589٬373+2.00%
2000 641٬124+1.70%
2007 695٬149+1.16%
2010 733٬377+1.80%
المصدر: المكتب الوطني للاحصاء[2]

اللغات والهجات

المصادر

  1. ^ "List of Provinces". PSGC Interactive. Makati City, Philippines: National Statistical Coordination Board. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  2. ^ أ ب "Population and Annual Growth Rates for The Philippines and Its Regions, Provinces, and Highly Urbanized Cities" (PDF). 2010 Census and Housing Population. National Statistics Office. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  3. ^ http://www.samar.lgu-ph.com/econo.htm Economical Data
  4. ^ "The Islands of Leyte and Samar". National Commission for Culture and the Arts (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2022-06-24.
  5. ^ "Republic Act No. 4221 - An Act Creating the Provinces of Northern Samar, Eastern Samar and Western Samar". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. 19 June 1965. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  6. ^ Report of the Commission on Elections to the President of the Philippines and the Congress on the Manner the Elections Were Held on November 9, 1965. Manila, Philippines: Bureau of Printing. 1967.
  7. ^ "Republic Act No. 5650 - An Act Changing the Name of the Province of Western Samar to Samar". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. 21 June 1969. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  8. ^ أ ب "Report of an Amnesty International Mission to the Republic of the Philippines 11-28 November 1981" (PDF).
  9. ^ "Amnesty International Mission Reports during Martial Law in the Philippines | Amnesty International Philippines". www.amnesty.org.ph. Archived from the original on June 12, 2017.
  10. ^ Robles, Raissa (2016). Marcos Martial Law: Never Again. Filipinos for a Better Philippines, Inc.
  11. ^ "A History of the Philippine Political Protest". Archived from the original on 2017-07-03. Retrieved 2024-06-17.
  12. ^ Balbosa, Joven Zamoras (1992). "IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines" (PDF). Journal of Philippine Development. XIX (35). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
  13. ^ Balisacan, A. M.; Hill, Hal (2003). The Philippine Economy: Development, Policies, and Challenges (in الإنجليزية). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195158984. Archived from the original on 2023-02-18. Retrieved 2024-06-17.
  14. ^ Cororaton, Cesar B. "Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines". DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05: 3, 19.
  15. ^ Celoza, Albert F. (1997). Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism (in الإنجليزية). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275941376.
  16. ^ Schirmer, Daniel B. (1987). The Philippines reader : a history of colonialism, neocolonialism, dictatorship, and resistance (1st ed.). Boston: South End Press. ISBN 0896082768. OCLC 14214735.
  17. ^ Kessler, Richard J. (1989). Rebellion and repression in the Philippines. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300044062. OCLC 19266663.
  18. ^ Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads". Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited.
  19. ^ "Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime". Ateneo de Manila University. September 20, 1999. Archived from the original on September 1, 2022. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  20. ^ Abinales, P.N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). State and society in the Philippines. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0742510234. OCLC 57452454.
  21. ^ "Gone too soon: 7 youth leaders killed under Martial Law". Rappler. Archived from the original on June 24, 2018. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
  22. ^ "San Juanico, Eastern Visayas' Iconic Bridge, to Be Lit up By End of 2018". Philippine Information Agency. TIEZA. 25 March 2018. Archived from the original on 26 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  23. ^ أ ب Landingin, Roel R. (13 February 2008). "7 in 10 ODA Projects Fail to Deliver Touted Benefits". Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 12 October 2009.
  24. ^ Afinidad-Bernardo, Deni Rose M. (2016). "Edifice Complex". Philstar Global NewsLab. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017.
  25. ^ أ ب "Edifice Complex: Building on the Backs of the Filipino People". Martial Law Museum (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 1 May 2018.
  26. ^ Pedroso, Kate (21 سبتمبر 2014). "'San Juanico Bridge,' other tortures detailed". The Philippine Daily Inquirer (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 21 September 2014.
  27. ^ Hapal, Don Kevin (23 February 2016). "Worse than death: Torture methods during martial law". Rappler (in الإنجليزية). Philippines. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  28. ^ Robles, Raissa (2016). Marcos Martial Law: Never Again: A brief history of torture and atrocity under the New Society. Quezon City: Filipinos for A Better Philippines, Inc. ISBN 978-621-95443-1-3. OCLC 952277519.
  29. ^ Homer-Dixon, Thomas F. (2010). Environment, Scarcity, and Violence (in الإنجليزية). Princeton University Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-4008-2299-7. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  30. ^ Inoue, M.; Isozaki, H. (2013). People and Forest — Policy and Local Reality in Southeast Asia, the Russian Far East, and Japan (in الإنجليزية). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-017-2554-5. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  31. ^ أ ب ت "EP09 Kayo Ang Hihirap Kami Ang Yayaman". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. September 20, 2017. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21 – via YouTube.
  32. ^ "World's most powerful typhoon lands in PH". ABS-CBN News.
  33. ^ Mangosing, Frances (10 November 2013). "'Yolanda' kills 300 in Samar – official". newsinfo.inquirer.net.
  34. ^ "AFP disarms 16 soldiers in Samar 'misencounter'". philstar.com.
  35. ^ Ballaran, Jhoanna (28 June 2018). "PNP chief says probers looking into case of ambush in Samar misencounter". newsinfo.inquirer.net.
  36. ^ Charissa Luci-Atienza (January 22, 2019). "Creation of Northwestern Samar province pushed". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
  37. ^ Census of Population (2015). "Region VIII (Eastern Visayas)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. PSA. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

وصلات خارجية

الكلمات الدالة:
This article contains content from Wikimedia licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Please comply with the license terms.
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=سمر_(مقاطعة)&oldid=4231401"