1231
| القرون: | قرن 12 · قرن 13 · قرن 14 |
| العقود: | ع1200 ع1210 ع1220 ع1230 ع1240 ع1250 ع1260 |
| السنوات: | 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 |
| ألفية: | الألفية 2 |
|---|---|
| قرون: | القرن 12 – القرن 13 – القرن 14 |
| عقود: | عقد 1200 عقد 1210 عقد 1220 – عقد 1230 – عقد 1240 عقد 1250 عقد 1260 |
| سنين: | 1228 1229 1230 – 1231 – 1232 1233 1234 |
| 1231 حسب الموضوع | |
| السياسة | |
| زعماء الدول – الدول ذات السيادة | |
| تصنيفا المواليد والوفيات | |
| المواليد – الوفيات | |
| تصنيفا التأسيسات والانحلالات | |
| التأسيسات – الانحلالات | |
| الفن والأدب | |
| 1231 في الشعر | |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 1231 MCCXXXI |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 1984 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 680 ԹՎ ՈՁ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 5981 |
| التقويم البهائي | −613 – −612 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 638 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 2181 |
| سنة العهد الإنگليزي | 15 Hen. 3 – 16 Hen. 3 |
| التقويم البوذي | 1775 |
| التقويم البورمي | 593 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 6739–6740 |
| التقويم الصيني | 庚寅年 (المعدن النمر) 3927 أو 3867 — إلى — 辛卯年 (المعدن الأرنب) 3928 أو 3868 |
| التقويم القبطي | 947–948 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 2397 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 1223–1224 |
| التقويم العبري | 4991–4992 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1287–1288 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 1153–1154 |
| - كالي يوگا | 4332–4333 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 11231 |
| تقويم الإگبو | 231–232 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 609–610 |
| التقويم الهجري | 628–629 |
| التقويم الياباني | Kangi 3 (寛喜３年) |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | 1231 MCCXXXI |
| التقويم الكوري | 3564 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 681 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前681年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 1774 |
Year 1231 (MCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.
أحداث
حسب المكان
أوروبا
- Emperor Frederick II promulgates the Constitutions of Melfi (Liber Augustalis), a collection of laws for Sicily، as well as the Edict of Salerno، regulating the exercise of medicine and separating the professions of physician and apothecary، and requiring medical schools to practice dissection.[1]
- حروب الاسترجاع:
- Castillian forces under King Ferdinand III ("the Saint") re-conquer the city of Quesada.[2]
- Battle of Jerez: Ferdinand III defeats Emir Ibn Hud of the Taifa of Murcia.
- Peter des Roches، Bishop of Winchester, negotiates a 3-year truce between England and France.[3]
بريطانيا
- Spring – Hubert de Burgh becomes a powerful lord in the Welsh Marches، controlling the castles at Cardigan and Carmarthen. He begins to threaten the local Welsh leaders, Llywelyn the Great launches a campaign against Norman lordship in Wales.
- 13 أغسطس – King Henry III orders the sheriffs of Hampshire، Dorsetshire and Wiltshire to give Simon de Montfort the possession of the lands of his father, Simon de Montfort the elder.
- December – Henry III ends his Welsh campaign and makes peace with Llywelyn the Great.[4]
- The University of Cambridge is recognised by a writ of authority over its townspeople from Henry III.[5]
المشرق
- Autumn – Frederick II appoints Marshal Richard Filangieri as his imperial legate، and sends an expeditionary army of mostly Lombards for the defense of Jerusalem. He gathers some 600 knights, 100 "sergeants-at-arms", 700 armed infantrymen, and 3,000 marines. The army is supported by 32 war-galleys.[6]
- War of the Lombards: Richard Filangieri sails for Beirut، where the town is handed over to him. He occupies Sidon and Tyre – while other Lombard forces appear before Acre. At Acre, Filangieri summons a meeting of the High Court and shows letters from Frederick II appointing him as ambassador (baili).[7]
الصين
- April 9 – A huge fire breaks out at night in the southeast of Hangzhou during the Song dynasty. Fighting the flames is difficult due to limited visibility. When the fires are extinguished, it is discovered that an entire district of the city (some 10,000 houses) has been consumed by the flames.
الإمبراطورية المنغولية
- August – Ögedei Khan orders the invasion of Korea. A Mongol army crosses the Yalu River and quickly secures the surrender of the border town of Uiju. The Mongols are joined by Hong Pok-wŏn، a Goryeo general, who takes their side with his subordinates numbering some 1500 families.[8]
- Siege of Kuju: Mongol forces besiege the city of Kuju. They deploy assault teams who man siege towers and scale ladders. Despite the fact the Goryeo army is heavily outnumbered, the garrison refuses to surrender.
حسب الموضوع
الدين
- April 13 – Pope Gregory IX issues Parens scientiarum. The bull assures the independence and self-governance of the University of Paris.
مواليد
- March 17 – Shijō (Mitsuhito), emperor of Japan (d. 1242)
- Guo Shoujing، Chinese astronomer and engineer (d. 1316)
- James Salomoni، Italian Dominican priest and prior (d. 1314)
- John de Warenne، English nobleman and knight (d. 1304)
- John of Burgundy، French nobleman and knight (d. 1268)
- Philip of Castile، Spanish prince and archbishop (d. 1274)
- Roger Mortimer، English nobleman and knight (d. 1282)
- Tommaso degli Stefani، Italian painter and artist (d. 1310)
- Yolanda of Vianden، Luxembourgish prioress (d. 1283)
وفيات
- April 6 – William Marshal، English nobleman (و. 1190)
- May 7 – Beatrice II، French countess palatine (و. 1193)
- June 13 – Anthony of Padua، Portuguese priest (و. 1195)
- July 2 – Henry I، German nobleman (House of Zähringen)
- August 3 – Richard le Grant، archbishop of Canterbury
- August 28 – Eleanor of Portugal، queen consort of Denmark
- September – Ibn Muti al-Zawawi، Almohad jurist, philologian and writer
- September 3 – William II، French nobleman (و. 1196)
- September 15 – Louis I، German nobleman (و. 1173)
- November 3 – Władysław III، Polish nobleman (و. 1167)
- November 6 – Tsuchimikado، emperor of Japan (و. 1196)
- November 9 – Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi، Abbasid physician (و. 1162)
- November 17 – Elizabeth، Hungarian princess (و. 1207)
- November 28 – Valdemar the Young، king of Denmark
- December 7 – Richardis، German noblewoman (و. 1173)
- December 11 – Ida of Nivelles، Flemish nun and mystic
- December 25 – Folquet de Marselha، French bishop
- Abu Said al-Baji، Almohad leader and scholar (و. 1156)
- Aurembiaix، Spanish countess (House of Urgell) (و. 1196)
- Dúinnín Ó Maolconaire، Irish historian, poet and writer
- Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Landgravine of Thuringia، German noblewoman (و. 1206)
- Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón، Spanish nobleman (و. 1160)
- Ibn al-Qattan، Almohad imam، scholar and intellectual
- جلال الدين منكبرني، ruler of the Khwarazmian Empire
- Matthew FitzHerbert، English nobleman and high sheriff
- Meinhard II, Count of Gorizia ("the Elder"), German nobleman and knight
- William of Auxerre، French archdeacon and theologian
- Zhao Rukuo، Chinese historian and politician (و. 1170)
المراجع
- ^ Rashdall, Hastings (1895). The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages. Clarendon Press. p. 85. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
- ^ Peter Linehan (1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In David Abulafia (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–673. ISBN 0-521-36289-X.
- ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 80–82. ISBN 978-0-7126-5616-0.
- ^ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 138. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- ^ Close Rolls.
- ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 164. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
- ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 165. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
- ^ Pirozhenko, Oleg (2005). Political Trends of Hong Bog Won Clan in the Period of Mongol Domination, p. 240. International Journal of Korean History.