1239
| القرون: | قرن 12 · قرن 13 · قرن 14 |
| العقود: | ع1200 ع1210 ع1220 ع1230 ع1240 ع1250 ع1260 |
| السنوات: | 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 |
| ألفية: | الألفية 2 |
|---|---|
| قرون: | القرن 12 – القرن 13 – القرن 14 |
| عقود: | عقد 1200 عقد 1210 عقد 1220 – عقد 1230 – عقد 1240 عقد 1250 عقد 1260 |
| سنين: | 1236 1237 1238 – 1239 – 1240 1241 1242 |
جزء من جيش حملة البارونات الصليبية انهزم أمام الأيوبيين في معركة غزة.
| 1239 حسب الموضوع | |
| السياسة | |
| زعماء الدول – الدول ذات السيادة | |
| تصنيفا المواليد والوفيات | |
| المواليد – الوفيات | |
| تصنيفا التأسيسات والانحلالات | |
| التأسيسات – الانحلالات | |
| الفن والأدب | |
| 1239 في الشعر | |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 1239 MCCXXXIX |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 1992 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 688 ԹՎ ՈՁԸ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 5989 |
| التقويم البهائي | −605 – −604 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 646 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 2189 |
| سنة العهد الإنگليزي | 23 Hen. 3 – 24 Hen. 3 |
| التقويم البوذي | 1783 |
| التقويم البورمي | 601 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 6747–6748 |
| التقويم الصيني | 戊戌年 (التراب الكلب) 3935 أو 3875 — إلى — 己亥年 (التراب الخنزير) 3936 أو 3876 |
| التقويم القبطي | 955–956 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 2405 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 1231–1232 |
| التقويم العبري | 4999–5000 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1295–1296 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 1161–1162 |
| - كالي يوگا | 4340–4341 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 11239 |
| تقويم الإگبو | 239–240 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 617–618 |
| التقويم الهجري | 636–637 |
| التقويم الياباني | Ryakunin 2 / En'ō 1 (延応元年) |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | 1239 MCCXXXIX |
| التقويم الكوري | 3572 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 673 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前673年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 1782 |
Year 1239 (MCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.
أحداث
حسب المكان
أوروبا
- الصيف - A German expeditionary force under Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor، invades the Romagna and Tuscany، hoping to capture Rome. He appoints his 21-year-old son, Enzo of Sardinia، as imperial vicar general for شمال إيطاليا. Frederick also threatens with war against البندقية، which has sent ships to blockade the harbors on Sicily. In order to finance his growing need for arms, he institutes an administrative reorganization of the Holy Roman Empire (among others, the formation of 10 vice regencies in Italy).
- الخريف - King Béla IV of Hungary allows some 40,000 Cumans، pagan nomads fleeing the Mongols, to settle in Hungary between the rivers Danube and Theiss، after their leader, Köten، has promised to convert to Christianity.
- نوفمبر - Pope Gregory IX grants the status of Crusade to King Ferdinand III of Castile ("the Saint"), who leads a successful campaign against the Almohads in Murcia.[1]
- الملك Louis IX of France ("the Saint") holds a parlement (or "court of law") at Paris، for the first time recorded in Ancien Régime France.
إنجلترة
- June 17 or June 18 - Edward I of England ("Longshanks"), first son of King Henry III of England and Queen Eleanor of Provence، is born at the Palace of Westminster. Henry names him after Edward the Confessor and chooses Simon de Montfort as his godfather.
بلاد الشام
- 1 سبتمبر - الحملة الصليبية للبارونات: A Crusader force (some 1,500 knights) under King Theobald I of Navarre arrives at Acre. At a council of local barons – most prominently Walter of Brienne، Odo of Montbéliard، Balian of Beirut، John of Arsuf، and Balian of Sidon – plans are made to prepare an expedition against the Ayyubids in Egypt. Later, Theobald is joined by some Crusaders from Cyprus.[2]
- 2 نوفمبر - An expeditionary force (some 4,000 knights) under Theobald I sets out from Acre for the Egyptian frontier, detachments from the military orders and several local barons accompany the Crusaders. While marching to Jaffa، a Crusader column led by Peter of Brittany and his lieutenant Raoul de Soissons with two hundred knights, lays an ambush and attacks a rich Muslim caravan.[3]
- November 12 - Sultan as-Salih Ayyub sends an Ayyubid army to Gaza to protect the Egyptian border. At nightfall, Henry of Bar، jealous of the successful ambush of Peter of Brittany, decides to march out towards Gaza with a Crusader force (some 500 knights and 1,000 soldiers). Although warned by Theobald I, Henry sets up camp in a flat terrain surrounded by sand dunes near Gaza.[4]
- November 13 - Battle of Gaza: The Crusader army led by Henry of Bar is defeated by the Egyptians near Gaza. More than a thousand men are slaughtered, including Henry himself. Six hundred more are captured and carried off to Egypt. Among them are Amaury VI de Montfort and Philippe de Nanteuil – who, in the dungeons of Cairo، writes a Crusade song about the failure of the expedition.[5]
- December 7 - Ayyubid forces under An-Nasir Dawud march on Jerusalem، which is largely undefended. The garrison of the city surrenders to Dawud, after accepting his offer for a safe-conduct to Acre. Dawud destroys Jerusalem's fortifications, including the Tower of David. Meanwhile, Theobald I (losing many men underway) moves with the remnants of the Crusader army northward to Acre.[6]
إمبراطورية المنغول
- الغزو المنغولي لروس: The Mongols under Batu Khan continue their campaign across the Pontic Steppe. After devastating the Crimea and campaigning against the Circassians in the Caucasus، they turn towards the Kievan Rus'. In March, Pereyaslavl، capital of the Principality of Pereyaslavl، is sacked by the Mongols.
- October 18 - Sack of Chernigov: The Mongols led by Batu Khan attack Chernigov; the garrison rallies outside the walls to face the Mongols in a pitched battle. Prince Mstislav III Glebovich comes to help with his troops but they are slaughtered by Mongol catapults. The city is pillaged as are the towns in the surrounding countryside.
حسب الموضوع
الدين
 20 مارس: جريجوري التاسع يُصدِر حرماناً كنسياً على الإمبراطور فردريك الثاني. جصية من ڤازاري، 1573، قصر الڤاتيكان. |
- 20 مارس - Gregory IX renews the excommunication of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor، while he is at his court in Padua. Frederick responds by expelling the Franciscans and Dominicans from Lombardy.[7]
مواليد
- June 3 أو June 4 - John II, Duke of Brittany، French nobleman and knight (ت. 1305)
- June 17 or June 18 - Edward I ("Longshanks"), king of England (ت. 1307)
- December 17 - Kujō Yoritsugu، Japanese ruler (shogun) (ت. 1256)
- Álvaro, Count of Urgell ("the Castilian"), Spanish nobleman and knight (ت. 1268)
- Balian of Arsuf، Cypriot nobleman (House of Ibelin) (ت. 1277)
- Constance of Aragon، Spanish princess (infanta) (ت. 1269)
- Peter III، king of Aragon and Valencia (ت. 1285)
- Robert de Ferrers، English nobleman and knight (ت. 1279)
- Stephen V، king of Hungary (House of Árpád) (ت. 1272)
- Thomas I of Saluzzo، Italian nobleman and knight (ت. 1296)
وفيات
- February 3 - Kujō Ninshi، Japanese empress consort (و. 1173)
- February - Aimery III of Narbonne (or Aimeric), French nobleman
- March 3 - Vladimir IV Rurikovich، Kievan Grand Prince (و. 1187)
- March 20 - Hermann von Salza، German Grand Master (و. 1165)
- March 28 - Go-Toba (Toba II), emperor of Japan (و. 1180)
- April 7 - William I de Cantilupe، Norman nobleman (و. 1159)
- June 5 - Władysław Odonic ("the Spitter"), Polish nobleman
- August - Thomas of Capua، Italian prelate, cardinal and diplomat
- September 21 - Simon, Count of Ponthieu، French nobleman
- November 1 - Robert of Esztergom، Hungarian prelate[8]
- November 13 - Henry II, Count of Bar، French nobleman (و. 1190)
- December 13 - Albert IV, Count of Habsburg ("the Wise"), German nobleman
- December 21
- Henry de Turberville، English nobleman and knight
- Richard Wilton, English scholastic philosopher[citation needed]
- أبو العباس الإشبيلي النباتي، صيدلي أندلسي (و. 1166)
- ابن الخبازة، مؤرخ وشاعر وكاتب أندلسي
- ابن المستوفي، والي أيوبي ومؤرخ (و. 1169)
- محمد بن حسن البغدادي، كاتب في الطهي العربي
- Robert, Lord of Champignelles (de Courtenay), French nobleman, knight and Crusader (و. 1168)
References
- ^ de Epalza, Miguel (1999). Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror. Brill. p. 96. ISBN 90-04-11244-8.
- ^ Painter, Sidney (1969). The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall, 1239–1241, p. 472. Robert Lee Wolff; Harry W. Hazard (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311, pp. 463–86. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
- ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 179. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
- ^ Lower, Michael (2005). The Barons' Crusade: A Call to Arms and Its Consequences, pp. 168–71. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3873-7.
- ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 180. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
- ^ Lower, Michael (2005). The Barons' Crusade: A Call to Arms and Its Consequences, p. 171. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3873-7.
- ^ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 139. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- ^ Zsoldos, Attila (2011). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 [Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301] (in الهنغارية). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. p. 348. ISBN 978-963-9627-38-3.
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