گيورگ ناگل

(تم التحويل من Georg Nagel)
لمعلومات عن گيورگ إ. ناگل، حاخام يابلونر، انظر يحزقيل تاوب (يابلون).
گيورگ ناگل
Georg Nagel
Georg Nagel عام 2022
Georg Nagel عام 2022.
وُلِدَ24 أغسطس 1953 (العمر 73 سنة)
Weingarten, Baden-Württemberg, West Germany (now Germany)
التعليم
عـُرِف بـ
[1]
الجوائز
السيرة العلمية
المجالات
الهيئات
أطروحةIonentransport über Zellmembranen: elektrische Untersuchung von Membranproteinen in situ und rekonstituiert an künstlichen Lipidmembranen[2] (1988)
المشرف على الدكتوراهErnst Bamberg[3]

Georg Nagel (born 24 August 1953) is a German biophysicist and professor at the Department for Neurophysiology at the University of Würzburg in Germany. His research is focused on microbial photoreceptors and the development of optogenetic tools. In 2026, he was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Karl Deisseroth andPeter Hegemann "for their discoveries concerning light-gated ion channels and optogenetics."[1]

Scientific career

قالب:No sources section Georg Nagel studied biology and biophysics at the University of Konstanz, Germany. He received his PhD from the University of Frankfurt in 1988, working at the Max Planck Institute of Biophysics in Frankfurt. As a postdoc, he worked at Yale University and Rockefeller University, US. From 1992 to 2004, he headed an independent research group in the Department of Biophysical Chemistry at the Max Planck Institute of Biophysics in Frankfurt. Since 2004, he is a professor at the University of Würzburg, Germany, first at the Department for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, since 2019 at the Department for Neurophysiology.

Research

Georg Nagel, together with Peter Hegemann, is credited with the discovery of channelrhodopsins, which opened the new field of optogenetics.[4] Early in 1995, Georg Nagel and Ernst Bamberg demonstrated that a microbial rhodopsin (Bacteriorhodopsin), when expressed in animal cells (Xenopus oocytes), is fully functional and makes the cells light-sensitive.[5] In 2003, Nagel showed the functionality of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in a mammalian cell line, where illumination with blue light caused a strong depolarization of the membrane potential.[6] Following this proof-of-principle publication, ChR2 was expressed in hippocampal neurons in collaboration with Karl Deisseroth, where light pulses caused action potentials with high temporal precision.[7] The first application of optogenetics in an intact animal, the round worm Caenorhabditis elegans, published 2005 by Georg Nagel and Alexander Gottschalk, was based on a ChR2 mutant (H134R) Nagel had created to improve photocurrents.[8] The first successful optogenetic inhibition of neuronal spiking (2007) was based on Nagel's earlier experiments with halorhodopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis.[9] In 2007, in another collaboration with Peter Hegemann, Georg Nagel started the optogenetic manipulation of cAMP.[10] In 2015, Georg Nagel and Shiqiang Gao, together with Alexander Gottschalk's group, characterized the first 8 TM enzyme rhodopsin, Cyclop, which raises the concentration of cGMP when activated with light.[11] Through the development of genetically encoded tools, Georg Nagel's group has pushed the boundaries of optical control from ion channels and pumps to second messenger systems, and has applied them to many different types of organisms, including plants.[12]

Honours and awards

References

  1. ^ أ ب ت "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2026". NobelPrize.org (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2026-10-05. Retrieved 2026-10-05.
  2. ^ "Die Goethe-Universität gratuliert Medizinnobelpreisträger". Goethe University Frankfurt (in الألمانية). 2026-10-05. Retrieved 2026-10-05.
  3. ^ "Goethe University congratulates Nobel Prize winner in Medicine". Goethe University Frankfurt. 2026-10-05. Retrieved 2026-10-05.
  4. ^ Nagel, G. (2002-06-28). "Channelrhodopsin-1: A Light-Gated Proton Channel in Green Algae". Science. 296 (5577): 2395–2398. doi:10.1126/science.1072068. PMID 12089443. S2CID 206506942.
  5. ^ Nagel, Georg; Möckel, Bettina; Büldt, Georg; Bamberg, Ernst (1995-12-18). "Functional expression of bacteriorhodopsin in oocytes allows direct measurement of voltage dependence of light induced H + pumping". FEBS Letters (in الإنجليزية). 377 (2): 263–266. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(95)01356-3. PMID 8543064. S2CID 24347348.
  6. ^ Nagel, G.; Szellas, T.; Huhn, W.; Kateriya, S.; Adeishvili, N.; Berthold, P.; Ollig, D.; Hegemann, P.; Bamberg, E. (2003-11-25). "Channelrhodopsin-2, a directly light-gated cation-selective membrane channel". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in الإنجليزية). 100 (24): 13940–13945. doi:10.1073/pnas.1936192100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 283525. PMID 14615590.
  7. ^ Boyden, Edward S; Zhang, Feng; Bamberg, Ernst; Nagel, Georg; Deisseroth, Karl (2005). "Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity". Nature Neuroscience (in الإنجليزية). 8 (9): 1263–1268. doi:10.1038/nn1525. ISSN 1097-6256. PMID 16116447. S2CID 6809511.
  8. ^ Nagel, Georg; Brauner, Martin; Liewald, Jana F.; Adeishvili, Nona; Bamberg, Ernst; Gottschalk, Alexander (2005). "Light Activation of Channelrhodopsin-2 in Excitable Cells of Caenorhabditis elegans Triggers Rapid Behavioral Responses". Current Biology (in الإنجليزية). 15 (24): 2279–2284. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.11.032. PMID 16360690. S2CID 7036529.
  9. ^ Zhang, Feng; Wang, Li-Ping; Brauner, Martin; Liewald, Jana F.; Kay, Kenneth; Watzke, Natalie; Wood, Phillip G.; Bamberg, Ernst; Nagel, Georg; Gottschalk, Alexander; Deisseroth, Karl (2007). "Multimodal fast optical interrogation of neural circuitry". Nature (in الإنجليزية). 446 (7136): 633–639. doi:10.1038/nature05744. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 17410168. S2CID 4415339.
  10. ^ Schröder-Lang, Saskia; Schwärzel, Martin; Seifert, Reinhard; Strünker, Timo; Kateriya, Suneel; Looser, Jens; Watanabe, Masakatsu; Kaupp, U Benjamin; Hegemann, Peter; Nagel, Georg (2007). "Fast manipulation of cellular cAMP level by light in vivo". Nature Methods (in الإنجليزية). 4 (1): 39–42. doi:10.1038/nmeth975. ISSN 1548-7091. PMID 17128267. S2CID 10616442. Archived from the original on 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
  11. ^ Gao, Shiqiang; Nagpal, Jatin; Schneider, Martin W.; Kozjak-Pavlovic, Vera; Nagel, Georg; Gottschalk, Alexander (2015). "Optogenetic manipulation of cGMP in cells and animals by the tightly light-regulated guanylyl-cyclase opsin CyclOp". Nature Communications (in الإنجليزية). 6 (1): 8046. doi:10.1038/ncomms9046. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4569695. PMID 26345128.
  12. ^ Zhou, Yang; Ding, Meiqi; Gao, Shiqiang; Yu-Strzelczyk, Jing; Krischke, Markus; Duan, Xiaodong; Leide, Jana; Riederer, Markus; Mueller, Martin J.; Hedrich, Rainer; Konrad, Kai R. (2021). "Optogenetic control of plant growth by a microbial rhodopsin". Nature Plants (in الإنجليزية). 7 (2): 144–151. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00853-w. ISSN 2055-0278. PMID 33594268. S2CID 231945847.
  13. ^ Ninth Annual Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences Awarded to Dr. Peter Hegemann, Dr. Georg Nagel, and Dr. Ernst Bamberg Archived 2020-05-21 at the Wayback Machine (wiley.com)
  14. ^ Preisträger Archived 2010-07-04 at the Wayback Machine of the Karl Heinz Beckurts Foundation (beckurts-stiftung.de)
  15. ^ "International Prize for Translational Neuroscience". Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (in الألمانية). 18 August 2026. Archived from the original on 29 July 2026. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
  16. ^ "Louis-Jeantet Prize". Archived from the original on 2020-03-27. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  17. ^ Peter Hegemann Archived 2015-12-30 at the Wayback Machine thebrainprize.org
  18. ^ "Georg Nagel". EMBO. Archived from the original on 9 November 2025. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
  19. ^ "Hohe Auszeichnung für Georg Nagel". Universität Würzburg (in الألمانية). 27 August 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
  20. ^ "Rumford Prize Awarded for the Invention and Refinement of Optogenetics". American Academy of Arts & Sciences (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2021-02-06. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
  21. ^ "Shaw Prize 2020". Archived from the original on 2020-08-10. Retrieved 2020-05-21.

External links

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