B

هذا المقال هو عن the letter of the Latin alphabet. إذا كنت تريد the similar Greek letter، انظر Beta. إذا كنت تريد the similar Cyrillic letter، انظر Ve (Cyrillic). إذا كنت تريد the German letter confused with "B"، انظر ß. إذا كنت تريد other uses، انظر B (توضيح).

B
B b
الاستخدام
نظام الكتابة	Latin script English alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet
النوع	Alphabetic
لغة المنشأ	Latin language
الاستخدام الصوتي	[[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] (Adapted variations)
Unicode codepoint	U+0042, U+0062
الموقع الأبجدي	2 القيمة الرقمية: 2
التاريخ
التطور	Β β 𐌁 B b
الفترة الزمنية	unknown to present
Descendants	♭ ␢ ฿
شقيقات	Б В Բ բ (בּ ב ب ܒ)
أخرى
حروف تستخدم معه	bv bh bp bm bf
الأرقام المرتبطة	2

الحرف B (أو b) هو الحرف الثاني في الأبجدية اللاتينية. الاسم الإنجليزي للحرف في اللغة الإنجليزية هو "بي" [bi]. نشأ الحرف إما من الهيروغليفية (صورة المنزل) أو من الأبجدية السامية القديمة. عندما قام الإغريق بإضافته إلى أبجديتهم، أطلقوا على الحرف اسم "بيتا" بعدما عكسوا شكله. يلفظ الحرف في اللغة الإنجليزية مثل حرف الباء (/b/)، وفي بعض الأحيان يكون صامتاً. أما في اللغة الإسبانية يلفظ أحياناً "ڤ" (/β/) عندما يكون في وسط الكلمة.

It represents the voiced bilabial stop in many languages, including English. In some other languages, it is used to represent other bilabial consonants.

 التاريخ

Egyptian Pr	Phoenician bēt	Western Greek beta	Etruscan B	Latin B

The Roman ⟨B⟩ derived from the Greek capital beta ⟨Β⟩ via its Etruscan and Cumaean variants. The Greek letter was an adaptation of the Phoenician letter bēt ⟨𐤁⟩. The Egyptian hieroglyph for the consonant /b/ had been an image of a foot and calf ⟨  ⟩, but bēt (Phoenician for "house") was a modified form of a Proto-Sinaitic glyph ⟨  ⟩ adapted from the separate hieroglyph Pr ⟨ ⟩ meaning "house". The Hebrew letter bet ⟨ב⟩ is a separate development of the Phoenician letter.

By Byzantine times, the Greek letter ⟨Β⟩ came to be pronounced /v/, so that it is known in modern Greek as víta (still written βήτα). The Cyrillic letter ve ⟨В⟩ represents the same sound, so a modified form known as be ⟨Б⟩ was developed to represent the Slavic languages' /b/. (Modern Greek continues to lack a letter for the voiced bilabial plosive and transliterates such sounds from other languages using the digraph/consonant cluster ⟨μπ⟩, mp.)

Old English was originally written in runes, whose equivalent letter was beorc ⟨ᛒ⟩, meaning "birch". Beorc dates to at least the 2nd-century Elder Futhark, which is now thought to have derived from the Old Italic alphabets' ⟨ 𐌁 ⟩ either directly or via Latin ⟨⟩.

The uncial ⟨⟩ and half-uncial ⟨⟩ introduced by the Gregorian and Irish missions gradually developed into the Insular scripts' ⟨⟩. These Old English Latin alphabets supplanted the earlier runes, whose use was fully banned under King Canute in the early 11th century. The Norman Conquest popularised the Carolingian half-uncial forms which latter developed into blackletter ⟨  ⟩. Around 1300, letter case was increasingly distinguished, with upper- and lower-case B taking separate meanings. Following the advent of printing in the 15th century, the Holy Roman Empire (Germany) and Scandinavia continued to use forms of blackletter (particularly Fraktur), while England eventually adopted the humanist and antiqua scripts developed in Renaissance Italy from a combination of Roman inscriptions and Carolingian texts. The present forms of the English cursive B were developed by the 17th century.

Late Renaissance or early Baroque design of a B, from 1627

 الاستخدام في أنظمة الكتابة

Pronunciation of ⟨b⟩ by language

Orthography	Phonemes
Standard Chinese (Pinyin)	[]
English	[]
French	[], []
German	[], []
Portuguese	[]
Spanish	[]
Turkish	[]

 الإنجليزية

In English, ⟨b⟩ denotes the voiced bilabial stop [], as in bib. In English, it is sometimes silent. This occurs particularly in words ending in قالب:Vr, such as lamb and bomb, some of which originally had a /b/ sound, while some had the letter قالب:Vr added by analogy (see Phonological history of English consonant clusters). The قالب:Vr in debt, doubt, subtle, and related words was added in the 16th century as an etymological spelling, intended to make the words more like their Latin originals (debitum, dubito, subtilis).

As /b/ is one of the sounds subject to Grimm's Law, words which have قالب:Vr in English and other Germanic languages may find their cognates in other Indo-European languages appearing with ⟨bh⟩, ⟨p⟩, ⟨f⟩ or ⟨φ⟩ instead. For example, compare the various cognates of the word brother. It is the seventh least frequently used letter in the English language (after V, K, J, X, Q, and Z), with a frequency of about 1.5% in words.

 اللغات الأخرى

Many other languages besides English use ⟨b⟩ to represent a voiced bilabial stop.

In Estonian, Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Scottish Gaelic and Mandarin Chinese Pinyin, ⟨b⟩ does not denote a voiced consonant. Instead, it represents a voiceless [] that contrasts with either a geminated [] (in Estonian) or an aspirated [] (in Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Scottish Gaelic and Pinyin) represented by [[p|قالب:Vr]]. In Fijian ⟨b⟩ represents a prenasalised [], whereas in Zulu and Xhosa it represents an implosive [], in contrast to the digraph ⟨bh⟩ which represents []. Finnish uses ⟨b⟩ only in loanwords.

 الأنظمة الأخرى

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, [b] is used to represent the voiced bilabial stop phone. In phonological transcription systems for specific languages, /b/ may be used to represent a lenis phoneme, not necessarily voiced, that contrasts with fortis /p/ (which may have greater aspiration, tenseness or duration).

 الاستخدامات الأخرى

المقالة الرئيسية: B (disambiguation)

• In the base-16 numbering system, B is a number that corresponds to the number 11 in decimal (base 10) counting.
• B is a musical note. In English-speaking countries, it represents Si, the 12th note of a chromatic scale built on C. In Central Europe and Scandinavia, "B" is used to denote B-flat and the 12th note of the chromatic scale is denoted "H". Archaic forms of 'b', the b quadratum (square b, ♮) and b rotundum (round b, ♭) are used in musical notation as the symbols for natural and flat, respectively.
• In Contracted (grade 2) English braille, ⟨b⟩ stands for "but" when in isolation.
• In computer science, B is the symbol for byte, a unit of information storage.
• In engineering, B is the symbol for bel, a unit of level.
• In chemistry, B is the symbol for boron, a chemical element.

 الحروف ذات الصلة

 الأسلاف والأنجال والأشقاء

• 𐤁 : Semitic letter Bet, from which the following symbols originally derive
• Β β : Greek letter Beta, from which B derives
• Ⲃ ⲃ Coptic letter Bēta, which derives from Greek Beta
• В в : Cyrillic letter Ve, which also derives from Beta
• Б б : Cyrillic letter Be, which also derives from Beta
• ʙ : A small capital B, used as the lowercase B in a number of alphabets during romanization
• 𐌁 : Old Italic B, which derives from Greek Beta
• ᛒ : Runic letter Berkanan, which probably derives from Old Italic B
• 𐌱 : Gothic letter bercna, which derives from Greek Beta
• IPA-specific symbols related to B: [] [] [] 𐞄 𐞅
• B with diacritics: Ƀ ƀ Ḃ ḃ Ḅ ḅ Ḇ ḇ Ɓ ɓ ᵬ ᶀ
• Ꞗ ꞗ : B with flourish
• ᴃ ᴯ ^{B b} : Barred B and various modifier letters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.
• Ƃ ƃ : B with topbar

 Derived ligatures, abbreviations, signs and symbols

• ␢ : U+2422 ␢ blank symbol
• ฿ : Thai baht
• ₿ : Bitcoin
• ♭: The flat in music, mentioned above, still closely resembles lowercase b.

 Other representations

 الترميز في الحاسوب

الترميز (Unicode) للحرف B هو U+0042، والحرف الصغير b هو U+0062. في الآسكي الحرف الكبير يرمز له "66" والصغير "98". في نظام العد الثنائي الحرف الكبير "01000010" و "01100010". شيفرة EBCDIC للحرف الكبير "194" وللصغير "130". وفي HTML و XML يرمز للحرف الكبير "B"، وللصغير "b".

Variant forms of the letter have unique code points for specialist use: the alphanumeric symbols set in mathematics and science, Latin beta in linguistics, and halfwidth and fullwidth forms for legacy CJK font compatibility. The Cyrillic and Greek homoglyphs of the Latin ⟨B⟩ have separate encodings: U+0412 В cyrillic capital letter ve and U+0392 Β greek capital letter beta.

 غيرهم

نطق الناتو	رمز مورس
Bravo	–···

العلم الدولي	سيمافور العلم	Braille dots-12

الحرف	B		b
Unicode name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B		LATIN SMALL LETTER B
Encodings	decimal	hex	decimal	hex
يونيكود	66	U+0042	98	U+0062
UTF-8	66	42	98	62
Numeric character reference	B	B	b	b
EBCDIC family	194	C2	130	82
ASCII 1	66	42	98	62

¹ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

class="template-letter-box |

 استخدامات أخرى

• في الكيمياء يرمز إلى البورون.
• في الشطرنج يرمز إلى الفيل.
• في الألوان (RGB) يرمز إلى اللون الأزرق.
• في الحاسوب له معانٍ عديدة مثل: البت، والبايت، ولغة البرمجة B، كما يرمز إلى الخط العريض في HTML.
• في الرياضيات يعني 11 في نظام العد السداسي العشري.
• في الطب، B (و B+ و B-) هم نوع من فصائل دم الإنسان.
• في التغذية ترمز إلى مجموعة من الفيتامينات.

 الطباعة

Blackletter B	Uncial B	Modern Roman B	Modern Italic B	Modern Script B

 انظر أيضاً

• В, в : Ve (Cyrillic)
• Б, б: Be (Cyrillic)
• The Semitic letter Bet
• Ɓ
• B postcode area (United Kingdom)
• Β, β: Beta
• ב: Beth
• Ъ, ъ, also known as the hard sign, back yer, yer, jer, er, or tvyordiy znak, is shaped like the letter b, but has no phonetic value on its own in modern East Slavic languages. The ъ serves as an orthographic device that indicates that the consonant preceding the ъ is not palatalized.
• Ь, ь, also known as the soft sign, front yer, or myagkiy znak, is also shaped like the letter b, but has no phonetic value on its own in modern East Slavic languages. The ь serves as orthographic device that indicates that the consonant preceding the ь is softened or palatalized.

 المصادر

• [1]